破产法中不当减损财产行为限制制度的一元化

Unification of the limiting rules of improper acts of derogation from property in bankruptcy law

我国《企业破产法》同时规定了破产行为无效制度和破产撤销权制度以限制债务人于破产前实施的不当减损财产行为。破产行为无效制度的限制对象由事实行为转变为法律上的行为,限制范围被破产撤销权制度吸收。破产法中确认行为无效与撤销权行使规则相近。破产行为无效制度有被破产撤销权制度替代的可能。仅规定破产撤销权制度的一元限制模式可以维护交易秩序与交易安全,减少由我国《民法典》统摄的民事法律行为无效规则体系的重复与混乱,降低规则适用成本。《企业破产法》修订时可以采用一元限制模式,在可撤销行为类型中增设故意减损财产行为,延长故意减损财产行为的可撤销期间,并赋予管理人依据《民法典》的规定主张不当减损财产行为无效或撤销该行为的权利。

The Enterprise Bankruptcy Law stipulates the policy of bankruptcy invalidity and the policy of the bankruptcy dissolution right to limit the debtor’s improper acts of derogation from property before bankruptcy proceedings begin.The limiting object of the rule of bankruptcy invalidity has changed from factual acts to legal acts,and the limiting scope has been absorbed by the policy of the bankruptcy dissolution right.Bankruptcy law affirms that bankruptcy invalidity and the bankruptcy dissolution right are similar.And there is a possibility for the system of bankruptcy invalidity to be replaced by the bankruptcy dissolution right.The unitary limiting mode that only stipulates the bankruptcy dissolution right can maintain the transaction order and transaction security,reduce the repetition and chaos in the invalid rule system of invalid civil juristic act supervised by The Civil Code,and reduce the application cost of the rules.When The Enterprise Bankruptcy Law is revised,it can adopt the unitary limiting mode,add intentional derogation of property to the types of voidable transactions,extend the voidable period of intentional derogation of property,and endow the manager with the right to claim invalid or avoid the improper derogation of property according to the provisions of The Civil Code.