日本中世文学中无常观的转变

The Transformation of the View of Impermanence in Medieval Japanese Literature

无常观是日本重要的思想理念,是指现实世界中一切事物都在不停地产生和消失,把一切事物看作无常的观点。从日本中世时期开始,中世文学中很多作品都涉及无常观的内容,尤其是中世文学的两个代表作《方丈记》和《徒然草》,从这两部作品中可以深刻感受到无常观对于作者和作品的影响。无常观在不同时期内容也发生了转变,从以《方丈记》为代表的悲叹的无常观转变到《徒然草》后半部分的自知的无常观,从悲叹无常,人生无常到理智地接受世间无常,尝试更加乐观积极地去生活,这种转变让原本消极悲观的无常观有了更多积极的意义,对于日本文化和日本人的价值观产生了深远的影响。

The view of impermanence is an important idea in Japan,which refers to the view that all things in the real world are constantly arising and disappearing,and all things are regarded as impermanence.It began to appear in the Middle Ages of Japan.Many works in medieval literature involve the concept of impermanence,especially the two masterpieces of medieval literature,Hojoki and Tsurezuregusa.From these two works,we can feel the influence of the concept of impermanence on the author and the work.The content of the view of impermanence has also changed in different periods,from the negative view of impermanence represented by Hojoki to the positive view of impermanence in the second half of Tsurezuregusa,from lamenting impermanence to rational acceptance of impermanence in the world,and trying to live a more optimistic and active life.This transformation has given the originally pessimistic view of impermanence more positive meaning,and has had a profound impact on Japanese culture and Japanese values.