橡树上的圣珠:印度国家绿色法庭制度研究

The Pearl on the Oak Tree A Study of India's National Green Court System

国家绿色法庭是印度针对生态环境损害实施专门司法救济的一项制度尝试。作为一种新兴的法庭形式,其制度建构具有以下特点:首先,原告资格的开放性规定;其次,采用专业法官与技术专家共治的法庭模式;第三,依据自然正义原则审理案件,并可自主创设程序规则;最后,实施严格的判决执行和司法解释制度。上述的制度建构不仅最大限度地保障了公众的司法接近权,还以开放和便利的方式传播了环境价值和生态理念。同时,通过创新性的救济措施和进步性的判决,其不仅保障了公众的环境权利,还确保了环境制度框架的一致性和稳定性。其中,国家绿色法庭的自主创设程序和共治型裁判模式于环境司法制度创新具有重要意义。前者通过灵活运用程序规则,使诉讼过程融合了对抗性、询问性、调查性和合作性等多种机制。而后者则促成了法律规范与科学知识之间的协调,并使司法裁判成为一个协同、共生、多学科的作用机制。这种裁判模式使法庭规则始终保持前瞻性,继而可适应不同情况案件的处理,并推动着环境司法制度的不断丰富和发展。

The National Green Tribunal is an institutional initiative in India that aims at providing specific judicial remedies for ecological and environmental damages.As an emerging form of court it is characterized by the following aspects firstly an inclusive provision for the eligibility of plaintiffs secondly a court model governed by both professional judges and technical experts thirdly a trial of cases based on the principle of environmental justice and the ability to establish independent procedural rules and finally strict implementation of judgment enforcement and a judicial interpretation system.The above institutional framework not only maximally guarantees the public's right to access justice but also disseminates environmental values and ecological concepts in an open and convenient manner.At the same time through innovative remedial measures and progressive judgments it not only safeguards the public's environmental rights but also ensures the consistency and stability of the environmental institutional framework.Among them the autonomous establishment procedures of the national green court and the co-governance adjudication model are of great significance to legal institutional innovation.The former integrates adversarial inquisitorial investigative and cooperative mechanisms into the litigation process by flexibly applying procedural rules.The latter promotes the coordination between legal norms and scientific knowledge making judicial adjudication a synergistic symbiotic and multidisciplinary mechanism.This adjudication model keeps the court rules forward-looking thereby adapting to the handling of different cases and promoting the continuous enrichment and development of the environmental judicial system.