小学生阅读障碍的影响因素及教育对策:基于言语与视觉空间工作记忆缺陷的实证分析

Influencing Factors and Educational Countermeasures of Primary School Students’Dyslexia:an Empirical Analysis of Verbal and Visuospatial Working Memory Deficits

为探析工作记忆子成分对小学生阅读障碍的影响,采用小学生汉字识别量测试、学习障碍筛查和修订后的联合瑞文推理测验筛选出32名具有发展性阅读障碍的小学生,并另外选取32名正常小学生进行对照实验。结果表明:在言语记忆广度任务和空间记忆广度任务中,不同类型的被试任务正确率存在显著差异,与正常小学生相比,发展性阅读障碍小学生的言语记忆广度任务与空间记忆广度任务正确率都更低;不同类型的任务正确率存在差异,被试在言语记忆广度任务上的正确率比空间记忆广度任务正确率更高;任务类型与被试类别的交互作用显著;正常小学生言语记忆广度任务正确率显著高于空间记忆广度任务正确率;发展性阅读障碍小学生言语记忆广度任务正确率与空间记忆广度任务正确率之间不存在显著差异。发展性阅读障碍小学生存在言语工作记忆与视觉空间工作记忆方面的缺陷,这些缺陷会影响他们的任务成绩。基于研究结果提出建议:要充分了解发展性阅读障碍的特点,正确看待学生的个体差异;开展科学正确的工作记忆训练;制定分级学习目标,个性化设计学生作业;培养专业教师。

In order to explore the influence of working memory sub-components on primary school students’dyslexia,32 primary school students with developmental dyslexia were selected by using the Chinese Character Recognition Test for Primary School Students,the Learning Disability Screening Scale and the Revised Joint Raven Reasoning Test,and 32 normal primary school students were selected to conduct a controlled experiment.The results showed that there were significant differences between different types of subjects in verbal memory span task and spatial memory span task.Compared with normal primary school students,primary school students with developmental dyslexia had lower verbal memory span task and spatial memory span task accuracy.The correct rate of different types of tasks was different.The correct rate of verbal memory span task was higher than that of spatial memory span task.The interaction between task type and subject category was significant.The correct rate of verbal memory span task was significantly higher than that of spatial memory span task.There was no significant difference between verbal memory span task accuracy and spatial memory span task accuracy of developmental dyslexia primary school students.Primary school students with developmental dyslexia had deficits in verbal working memory and visuospatial working memory,which may affect their task performance.On the basis of the research results,suggestions are put forward.It is necessary to fully understand the characteristics of developmental dyslexia and treat the individual differences correctly,carry out scientific and correct working memory training,develop graded learning objectives,design students’homework individually,and train professional teachers.