基于足底压力特征的功能鞋垫研究进展

Research progress of functional insoles based on plantar pressure characteristics

功能鞋垫对于改善足底压力分布、矫正足膝畸形、减少运动损伤、提高运动机能具有一定的功能性效果。然而部分功能鞋垫在应用过程中还存在鞋垫材料疲劳性欠佳、腰窝结构设计合理性有待提升、鞋垫与鞋的适配性仍需加强等问题。为了使功能鞋垫的设计更加符合足部生物力学特征,文章结合足底压力分布特点,论述了鞋垫的材料和结构特性,总结了功能鞋垫在医疗康复领域和运动防护领域的功能性应用,分析并提出功能性鞋垫存在的不足,并从有限元分析的应用与完善、功能鞋垫的智能化及个性化研发、足部与鞋垫动态接触压力获取等方面进行展望,以期为功能鞋垫的设计与制作提供参考,使功能鞋垫向着个性化、智能化、功能性的方向发展。

In daily life,the uneven distribution of plantar pressure and the increase of peak plantar pressure caused by disease and exercise are important factors leading to foot injury,and the application of functional insoles can balance plantar pressure to a certain extent and reduce foot injury.With the in-depth study of plantar pressure and functional insoles,it is found that functional insoles have good effects in correcting foot and knee joint deformities and improving sports performance.However,some functional insoles have problems such as poor fatigue of insole materials,unreasonable design of insole waist socket structure,expensive cost,low degree of intelligence,and poor adaptability between insoles and shoes during use.To make the overall design of functional insoles more in line with the biomechanical characteristics of human feet,at the same time enhance the protective effect of functional insoles and improve the wearing comfort of functional insoles,we summarize the characteristics of normal and abnormal plantar pressure distribution,and conclude that the plantar pressure distribution of normal people basically conforms to the three-point load-bearing principle,that is,the foot is mainly borne by the heel,the first metatarsal head and the fifth metatarsal head,but due to the different soft tissue functions and thickness of the feet,there are slight differences among individuals in the plantar pressure distribution.In addition,factors such as illness,overweight and exercise status can cause a transfer of peak pressure on the plantar or an increase in foot load.Combined with the characteristics of plantar pressure distribution,the material and structural characteristics of functional insoles are discussed.The soft insole can spread the support point to the entire foot through the flow of the internal molecular structure of the insole to achieve the effect of pressure dispersion;rigid insoles play a role in correcting abnormal physiological structure of feet by increasing foot support;and more and more new materials that can meet the requirements of functional insoles continue to appear,so functional insoles can balance the pressure distribution state of the soles while improving the comfort during use.According to the pressure distribution,the insole is made into a three-dimensional structure,which can increase the contact area between the foot and the insole,reduce the pressure on the sole,and adjust the biological state of the foot.Based on this,the mechanism of action and functional application of functional insoles are analyzed.In the field of medical rehabilitation,functional insoles can reduce local high pressure on the soles of the feet,transfer peak pressure,maintain healthy foot shape,adjust the biological force line of the lower limbs,and correct abnormal anatomy.In the field of sports protection,functional insoles can reduce impact load,improve sensitivity and prevent lower extremity overwork injury.The finite element method is applied to the acquisition of plantar pressure and the design and production of insoles,in which way not only the stress strain of the bones and muscles of the feet can be obtained,but also the deformation effect of the insoles can be seen.In the future,the accuracy of foot and insole modeling and the accuracy of analysis results need to be further improved.In addition,the dynamic contact pressure between the foot and the insole is obtained,the dynamic plantar pressure distribution law is analyzed,and the design and performance optimization of the functional insole are carried out on this basis,which can make the insole more in line with the functional characteristics of the human foot and provide more scientific protection for the foot.The combination of a variety of materials and intelligent technology can monitor foot health to the greatest extent,improve the comfort of insoles,and make functional insoles develop in the direction of personalization,intelligence and functionality.