欧盟移民与庇护政策一体化的困境与出路——基于后功能主义理论的视角

Dilemma and the Way Forward for the Integration of EU Migration and Asylum Policy:An Analysis from the Perspective of Postfunctionalist Theories

欧盟共同移民与庇护政策是欧洲一体化的重要组成部分,2015年的欧洲难民危机暴露出该政策的诸多缺陷,此后欧盟寻求改革却屡陷困境。依据后功能主义理论,欧盟成员国的民族国家身份认同与欧盟认同兼容性有限,在面对欧盟外国家移民群体时,排斥性的民族国家身份认同更是占据主导。因此,欧盟始终难以健全既公正团结又稳定灵活的共同移民与庇护政策体系。俄乌冲突爆发后,成员国积极接纳与安置乌克兰难民,实际上是对乌克兰公民展现出包容性的民族国家身份认同。欧盟为了提高区域内部政策一致性,在移民和难民问题上或许只能突出欧盟内外分界,共同移民与庇护政策在未来也会愈发侧重外部解决路径。

The European Union’s common migration and asylum policy is one of the key policy domains of European integration.The 2015 refugee crisis revealed many shortcomings of EU’s migration and asylum policy,which has since been consistently plagued by difficulties in seeking reform.Post-functionalist theories suggest that the limited compatibility between national identity and European identity,and the dominance of national identity in EU countries’dealing with migrants from non-EU states are the main reasons why the EU has been struggling to develop a common migration and asylum policy that is fair and cohesive,and at the same time stable and flexible.Since the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine conflict,EU members have actively accepted and resettled large numbers of Ukrainian refugees,demonstrating the inclusiveness of national identity to the Ukrainians.To improve policy coherence,the European Union may have to distinguish between the migrants from EU states and those from non-EU states.It is likely that EU’s common migration and asylum policy will increasingly focus on external solutions in the future.