梁启超与中国工业文化

Liang Qichao and Industrial Culture of China

梁启超的经济著述有着从政治出发的着眼点,体现了在“灭国新法”时代里弱国被强国以经济手段控制的忧思,故其经济言说与其政治思考密不可分,这与工业文化以“国家理由”为内核相契合,也使梁启超成为中国工业文化发展史上的一个环节。梁启超早年服膺以亚当·斯密为代表的古典经济学的自由主义学说,但在日本接触了西方经济学的更多派别后,发展出了一种类似于德国历史学派的经济思想,主张中国应先实施由国家培育工业的重商主义政策。梁启超与德国历史学派产生思想关系的方式是间接的,但对于历史与国家的共同兴趣使他较容易形成与该学派相近的观点。梁启超对德国历史学派式思想的传播起到了在中国铺陈工业文化的作用。梁启超对中国工业发展模式的具体设想,融合了古典经济学的比较优势原则和重商主义的国家指导策略,着眼于培育和改良出口导向型的传统手工制造业。这种设想具有某种东亚发展型国家的色彩,但并未看到重工业在东亚发展型国家中的重要地位,与中国工业化的实际展开路径也相违背。

Liang Qichao's economic writings have a political perspective,reflecting the concern of weak countries being controlled by powerful countries through economic means in the era of the“new law of annihilation”.Therefore,his economic discourse is inseparable from his political thinking,which is consistent with the core of industrial culture being“national reasons”,and also makes Liang Qichao a link in the history of China's industrial and cultural development.In his early years,Liang Qichao believed in the liberal theory of classical economics represented by Adam Smith,but after Japan came into contact with more schools of Western economics,he developed an economic ideology similar to the German Historical School,advocating that China should first implement a mercantilist policy of cultivating industry by the state.The way in which Liang Qichao developed an ideological relationship with the German Historical School was indirect,but his shared interest in history and the state made it easier for him to form viewpoints similar to that of the school.Liang Qichao played a role in spreading German Historical School-styled ideas and laying out industrial culture in China.Liang Qichao's specific vision of China's industrial development model integrates the comparative advantage principle of classical economics and the national guidance strategy of mercantilism,with a focus on cultivating and improving the traditional export-oriented handicraft manufacturing industry.This assumption has a certain color of an East Asian developing country,but it does not discover the important position of heavy industry in East Asian developing countries,which is also contrary to the actual path of China's industrialization.