河谷乡村:"衣冠南迁"后栖居与变迁中的山水家园

River Valley Villages:The Dwelling and Changing Landscape Homeland After Ethnic Groups Moving Southward

作为连通岭南和中原的重要通道,粤北地区山多地少、地形破碎,社会发展远不及珠三角.而近年,乡村日渐成为政府重要工作对象,乡村建设也受到各路资本青睐.成为粤北现代化转型的焦点后,乡村面临着前所未有的挑战和困境.本文基于笔者多年来对家乡的观察和研究,以粤北河谷乡村为中心,以新丰县多个村落为例,以乡村聚落地理学和关系美学为理论框架,分析河谷乡村在地理形态上依山而建、面水而居的特点和成因,总结河谷乡村的自然地理形态和村落历史演变.本文通过引介日本里山地景的成功经验,以及横向对比岭南山地乡村、平原水乡、沿海渔村的情况,定位河谷乡村的环境资源和发展方向,通过对乡建干部、开发者、留守家园的村民、外来的访客进行参与式观察和访谈,分析目前各主体在乡村建设中的憧憬,提出目前河谷乡村建设面临着"环境治理"及"观念错位"的双面困境.本文建议引入"艺术介入"的温和方式重启河谷乡建,在重估河谷乡村价值之上,重塑河谷乡村主体关系,修复"人—人""人—地""人—神"等关系,进而完整地恢复乡村礼俗系统,使乡村在各类关系的全面复兴中走向山水家园.

As an important channel connecting Lingnan and the Central Plains,northern Guangdong is characterized with many mountains,few fields,and broken terrain.The social development there is far behind the Pearl River Delta.In recent years,the countryside has become an increasingly important target of the government's work,and has also been favored by capital investments.After becoming the focus of modern transformation in northern Guangdong,the countryside is facing unprecedented challenges and difficulties.This article is based on the author's observation and research on his hometown for many years,taking several villages in Xinfeng County as examples,and using rural settlement geography and relational aesthetics as the theoretical framework to analyze the characteristics and causes of building and living in river valley villages,also to summarize the natural geographical form of the valley villages and the historical evolution of them.By introducing the successful experience of Japan's Satoyama landscape and horizontally comparing it with the conditions of Lingnan mountain villages,plain water villages,and coastal fishing villages,the environmental resources and development direction of river valleyvillages are positioned.Through participatory observation and interviews with rural construction cadres,developers,villagers who stay behind in their homes,and foreign visitors,the author analyzes the current expectations of various subjects in rural construction,and points out that the current rural construction in river valleys is facing a double-sided dilemma of"environmental governance"and"conceptual misplacement".It is recommended to introduce thegentle method of"art intervention"to restart the rural construction of river valleys.The subjective relation will be reshaped for the river valley villages based on revaluing them,repairing the relationship between"human-human","human-land"and"human-god",and then completely restoring the rural ritual and custom system,and eventually achieve the landscape homeland in the comprehensive revival of various relationships.