委任统治时期法国对叙利亚库尔德人政策演变及其影响

On the Change of French Policy towards the Syrian Kurds in Mandate

委任统治初期,为了维护叙利亚国内政治稳定及牵制土耳其,法国当局对叙利亚境内的库尔德人实施“有限支持”政策。不仅大量接收土耳其库尔德难民扶持叙利亚境内库尔德民族主义的发展,而且大力推进库尔德农业定居化工程,但并不支持库尔德部落领导人提出的大范围地方自治诉求。进入20世纪30年代之后,为了抑制阿拉伯民族主义的发展,法国当局针对库尔德局势又实施了“分而治之”的政策。一方面对受阿拉伯民族主义者暗中支持的反法组织莫罗德进行坚决镇压,另一方面鼓励叙利亚库尔德文化复兴运动,甚至暗中扶持库尔德人与基督徒势力联合发起的贾兹拉自治运动。法国对叙利亚库尔德政策的演变与战后中东地缘政治环境的剧变、阿拉伯民族主义的高涨、泛伊斯兰主义的话语宣传以及叙利亚库尔德民族主义运动的转型等存在密切联系。法国对叙利亚库尔德人政策的变化不仅深刻影响了叙利亚库尔德民族主义的发展,而且对中东地缘政治局势的长期稳定也产生了深远的历史影响。

After World War I,France established a mandate in Syria.In the early period of the mandate,in order to maintain the political stability of Syria and contain the needs of Turkey,The French authorities actively supported the development of Syrian Kurdish nationalism,received Kurdish refugees from Turkey,and promoted the agricultural settlement project in the Kurdish region,but did not support the Local autonomy demands of the Kurds.After in 1930s,in order to prevent the Arab nationalism,on the one hand,the French authorities crack down on Arab nationalist implicit backing of the Murud anti-French uprising.On the other hand,the French authorities encouraged Syria’s Kurdish Cultural Renaissance movement,implemented the“Terrier plan”,even to supported Jazira autonomy movement conducted by the kurds and Christian.The change of French policy towards Syrian Kurds is closely related to the upheaval of post-war Middle East geopolitical environment,the upsurge of Arab nationalism,the propaganda of Turkish pan-Islamism,and the transformation of post-war Kurdish nationalist movement.The change of French policy towards Kurds not only has a profound impact on the development of Kurdish nationalism in Syria,but also has a profound historical impact on the long-term stability of geopolitical situation in the Middle East.