19世纪越南北部平原乡村的行政组织结构与运作

The Structure and Operation of Administrative Organizations in Plain Villages of Northern Vietnam in the 19th Century

19世纪越南北部乡村的基层行政组织分为总—里—甲三级。这种结构有其自身独特的发生机制,它既扎根于越南古代乡村的自治传统,又与19世纪阮朝的政治发展密切相关。其中“总”是越南古代独有的一种基层行政组织,阮朝的社村一直处在王权下行和地方精英权威的张力之中,王权下行的举措主要是“总”的大规模推行。总—里—甲组织相应的头领分别是正总、里长和甲长,通过这种安排,阮朝的政府权力由中心向周边、上层向下层扩展,这种组织架构是阮朝权力下行和细化的过程,也是维持乡村自治传统的一种手段。除了总—里—甲这种职役组织外,还存在以家族为代表的祭祀组织和以“豪目会同”为代表的社区组织。如果说祭祀、职役组织的功能较为单一,那么社区组织则具有等级实践、层序展现、贯通控制等多重属性。阮朝的基层行政是多种力量合力共治的结果,政府对基层地区没有进行整齐划一的管控,这固然起到了维持传统、尊重故俗的效果,但反过来看,也可能导致基层地区矛盾丛生。越南古代乡村的自治是一把双刃剑,政府作为持剑者,关键是如何在经制权力和地方自治之间找到平衡。19世纪后期法国控制北圻之后,开始谋求更深刻地插手乡村,但最终结果并不理想。

In the 19th century,the grassroots administrative organizations in the villages of northern Vietnam were divided into three levels,that was Tong-Ly-Giap.This structure has its own unique mechanism of occurrence,which is not only rooted in the autonomy tradition of ancient Vietnamese villages but also closely related to the political situation of the Nguyen Dynasty in the 19th century.Among them,“Tong”was a unique grassroots administrative organization in ancient Vietnam.The communes and villages of the Nguyen Dynasty had been in tension between the descending royal power and the authority of local elites and the main measures for the decline of royal power were the large-scale implementation of“Tong”.The corresponding heads of Tong-Ly-Giap organization were Chinh Tong-Ly truong-Giap truong.With this sequence of heads as the center,the government power of the Nguyen dynasty extended from the center to the periphery,and from the upper to the lower levels.This organizational structure was a process of the Nguyen dynasty’s power descending and refining,and also a means of maintaining the tradition of rural autonomy.In addition to the official service organizations such as Tong-Ly-Giap,there were also sacrificial organizations represented by families and community organizations represented by“Hao muc hoi dong”.If sacrificial and official service organizations only had a single function,then commune organizations had multiple attributes such as hierarchical practice,sequence display,and connectivity control.The grassroots administration of the Nguyen Dynasty was the result of the joint efforts of various forces,and the government did not carry out uniform control over the basic level areas.It had the effect of maintaining tradition and respecting traditional customs.However,it could also lead to conflicts in these areas.The autonomy of ancient rural areas in Vietnam was a double-edged sword,and the key for the government was to find a balance between economic power and local autonomy.In the late 19th century,after France took control of northern Vietnam,it began to seek deeper involvement in the rural areas,but the ultimate result was not ideal.