从“天学”的分化看明末“礼仪之争”发生的背景

A Study on the Background of the Chinese Rites Controversy in the Late Ming Dynasty from the Perspective of the Divergence of the Jesuits’Studies on God

“中国礼仪之争——天学的分化”发生的背景和原因一直是相关研究的主要关注点。特别是处于论战中心的耶稣会内部的争议点可以看作是后来不同传教会之间、文明之间所有纷争的缩影,因此有针对性地深入分析和解读其产生的原因非常必要。事实上,中国耶稣会士的“礼仪之争”源于基督教“福音”和儒教“文化”之间的传教学矛盾性。利玛窦着重于二者间的连续性,采用厚古薄今的学术(理性)传教方针,而龙华民偏重于不连续性,选择古今否定的平民灵性传教方针。利玛窦的适应路线形成于排除俗儒理学的真儒古教的命题,而龙华民的非适应(保守)路线,可以说是在利玛窦的反理学框架基础上形成的对立理论。

The divergence of the Jesuits’studies on God have been the main concern of relevant research related to the background and causes of the Chinese Rites Controversy.In particular,the points of contention within the Jesuits,who were at the center of the polemic,can be seen as a microcosm of all the subsequent disputes between missions and civilizations,and thus a targeted and in-depth analysis and interpretation of the reasons for their emergence has become necessary.In fact,the Chinese Rites Controversy stemmed from the contradiction of the teaching of the Christian gospel and Confucian culture.Matteo Ricci emphasized the continuity between the two and adopted the policy of teaching the upper class to praise the ancient and despised the modern,while Nicolas Longobardi laid emphasis on the discontinuity and chose common people’s spiritual missionary approach that had been negated in the ancient and modern times.While Ricci’s strategy of accommodation was based on the premise of Confucianism excluding Neo-Confucianism,Longobardi’s non-accommodation was based on Ricci’s anti-Neo-Confucianism framework.