受害人特殊体质对侵权损害赔偿范围的影响

The Influence of the Victim’s Special Physique on the Scope of Infringement Damage Compensation

根据最高人民法院第24号指导案例的裁判意旨,受害人的特殊体质并不影响侵权损害赔偿的范围。它是对“蛋壳脑袋”规则的重述。该意旨并不具有合理性,且过于单一和机械,并不能应对实践中受害人体质的特殊性存在程度之维及特殊体质参与损害后果的形成存在多种方式的复杂状况。在损害赔偿范围的确定方面,应当确立以责任范围因果关系的筛选为主导,同时将特殊体质作为损害赔偿裁量(酌减)因素的解决方案。若符合相当因果关系的标准,则侵权人需要承担受害人特殊体质引发或加剧的损害的责任。虽然受害人特殊体质通常并不符合过错相抵的构成,但亦应当将受害人特殊体质作为裁量因素酌减侵权人的损害赔偿责任。通过相当因果关系标准的弹性规则及损害赔偿裁量的自由性,在个案中实现侵权人与受害人利益的平衡及法律政策的选择。

According to the judgment of No.24 guiding case from the Supreme People’s Court,the special physique of the victim does not affect the scope of the infringement damages.It is a restatement of the“egg-shell”rule.The judgment is not reasonable,and it is too simple and mechanical.It cannot cope with the complicated situation from the special physical conditions of the victim and the various ways in which special constitutions participate in the consequences of damage.In the aspect of determining the scope of damage compensation,it should be established that the screening of causation in the scope of responsibility is the dominant factor,and the special physique is used as a discretion factor of damages.If it meets the standard of adequate causation,the infringer needs to bear the responsibility for the damage caused or aggravated by the victim’s special physique.Although the victim’s special physique usually does not accord with the composition of contributory negligence,the victim’s special physique should be taken as a discretionary factor to reduce the infringer’s liability for damages.Through the flexible rules of the adequate causation and the discretion of damages,the balance between the interests of the infringer and the victim and the choice of legal policy are realized in the case.