国民政府时期大学教育经费“国立化”发展论析(1927-1937)

The Development of"Nationalization"of Educational Funds of University from 1927 to 1937

教育经费作为维持大学运作与发展的物质基础,其结构变化在很大程度上反映了大学性质的转变。1927年大学院试行以来,不断争取教育经费独立制度的实践使大学在经费的国立化程度上有所改善。到了20世纪30年代初,随着南京国民政府统治权力的不断扩张以及中央财政日益增长,除已有国立大学教育经费国立化程度继续加深外,地方大学和私立大学也逐步呈现出经费来源国立化的倾向。与此同时,在国民政府财政投入的过程中,大学也日渐为高等教育政策所形塑,其内部教育经费的配置不断向实用科学倾斜,更多地承担起在民族国家建设与发展等方面的重要职责。

As the material basis for maintaining the operation and development of universities,the structural changes of education funds reflect the change of the nature of universities to a great extent.During the period of Beijing government,the central financial crisis occurred frequently,and it was often dfficult to allocate the education funds of national universities.Although national universities had the"name"of the state,they lacked the"reality"of funds.Since its trial implementation in 1927,the National University has been striving for the practice of the independent system of education funds,and the"reality"of funds has been improved.By the 1930s,with the continuous expansion of the ruling power of the Nanjing National Government and the increasing central finance,in addition to the continuous promotion of the"reality"'of the existing national university education funds,local universities and private universities also gradually showed a tendency towards nationalization of funding sources.In the meantime,in the process of the financial investment of the national government,universities were also increasingly shaped by higher education policies,and their internal funding allocation was constantly inclined to practical and scientific,and assumed the responsibilities of national universities in the construction and development of the nation-state and other aspects.