北京冬奥会仲裁案件的争议问题

Controversial Issues of Arbitration Cases in Beijing Winter Olympics

2022年第24届北京冬奥会已经结束,此届冬奥会特别仲裁庭共审理11起案件,主要为参赛资格案件、反兴奋剂争议案件和其他类型案件。拥有管辖权是仲裁庭处理案件的基础,奥运会特别仲裁的管辖权是一种有限管辖权,管辖发生于奥运会期间或奥运会开幕式前10天内的所有与奥运会有关的争议。明确管辖权之后,从参赛资格争议问题、反兴奋剂争议问题、运动员荣誉利益与国际奥委会避免重新分配奖牌的权力冲突等多方面对北京冬奥会仲裁案件法律争议问题进行具体分析,总结北京冬奥会特别仲裁实践的趋势,为未来体育仲裁实践提供参考。研究认为,仲裁庭为了维护裁判的统一性,参照遵循先前判例,也存在背离判例的情形,推进判例法稳定而灵活发展;仲裁庭不是政策的制定者,是以裁判者的身份适用规则、解释规则,无权直接决定参赛名额分配或再分配;仲裁庭对于体育规则空白的漏洞,以司法能动主义作为仲裁政策的补充;仲裁庭贯彻公正、效率、人权的理念,保障运动员的实体性和程序性权益;仲裁庭打击违反反兴奋剂规则的行为,调和兴奋剂处罚和运动员权益保障的冲突,推动国际反兴奋剂规则发展。

The 24th Beijing Winter Olympics in 2022 has ended,and the special arbitration tribunal of the Beijing Winter Olympics has solved a total of 11 cases,mainly involving qualification cases,anti-doping dispute cases and other types of cases.Jurisdiction is the basis for the arbitration tribunal to deal with cases.The jurisdiction of the special arbitration of the Olympic Games is a limited jurisdiction that governs any dispute occurred during the Olympic Games or during a period of ten days preceding the Opening Ceremony of the Olympic Games.After clarifying the jurisdiction,the study makes a concrete analysis on the legal disputes in the arbitration cases of the Beijing Winter Olympics from the aspects of qualifica-tion disputes,anti-doping disputes,the conflicts between the honorary rights and interests of athletes and the power of the International Olympic Committee to redistribute medals,and summarizes the trend of special arbitration practice in the Beijing Winter Olympics,so as to provide references for the future practice of sports arbitration.It suggests that the arbitra-tion tribunal follows the previous precedents in order to maintain the unity of the judgment,but there are also cases of deviation from the precedents so as to promote the stable and flexible development of the case law;the arbitration tribunal is not the policy maker,but it applies the rules and interprets the rules as judge,and has no rights to directly determine the allocation or redistribution of the quota;the arbitration tribunal takes judicial activism as a supplement to the arbitration policy for the loopholes in sports rules;the arbitration tribunal implements the concept of justice,efficiency and human rights,and protects the substantive and procedural rights and interests of athletes;and the arbitration tribunal combats the violations of anti-doping rules,reconciles the conflicts between doping sanctions and athletes’rights protection,and promotes the development of international anti-doping rules.