对外关系法中的国家豁免问题研究

Research on State Immunity in Foreign Relations Law

国家豁免问题是对外关系法的重要方面。《对外关系法》第36条对国家豁免在内的各种豁免问题做出了原则规定、提供了法律指引。《外国国家豁免法(草案)》对国家豁免问题做出了全面规定。该草案适应时代变化,体现了限制豁免论,旨在在尊重外国国家主权的同时,维护当事人的合法权益。《外国国家豁免法(草案)》所规定的外国国家豁免制度主要包括五个方面:一般原则、管辖豁免的例外、执行豁免的例外、特殊诉讼程序问题、外交部门的作用。尽管《对外关系法》和《外国国家豁免法(草案)》比较完整、全面地形成了我国的外国国家豁免制度,但《外国国家豁免法(草案)》未规定国际习惯在国家豁免中的地位和作用,而国家豁免问题的发展与国际习惯的关系密切,这是一个需要得到关注的问题。

State immunity is an important aspect of foreign relations law.Article 36 of the Foreign Relations Law of the People's Republic of China stipulates various immunity issues,including state immunity,and provides legal guidance for the granting of immunities.The Foreign State Immunity Law of the People's Republic of China(Draft)is a comprehensive regulation on the issue of state immunity.The Draft adapts to the changes of the times and embodies the theory of restrictive immunity,aiming at safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of the private parties while respecting the sovereignty of foreign countries.The Foreign State Immunity Law(Draf)mainly includes five aspects:general principles,exceptions to jurisdictional immunity,exceptions to executive immunity,special procedural issues,and the role of the diplomatic department.Although the Foreign Relations Law and the Foreign State Immunity Law(Draft)have formed China's foreign state immunity system comprehensively,the latter has not stipulated the status and role of international customs in the issue of state immunity.As the development of state immunity is closely related to international customs,this might be an issue worth considering.