谷子高产育种——从主粮株型育种谈起

High Yield Foxtail Millet Breeding:Designing from the Perspective of Plant Type Optimization of Major Cereal Crops

合理的株型是实现高产的必要条件,通过株型改良实现作物的高产已在主粮得到充分体现。20世纪60年代,以半矮化育种为特征的“绿色革命”,使得全世界水稻、小麦产量翻了一番,其主要原因是水稻sd1隐性半矮秆基因和小麦Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b以及Rht8基因得到广泛应用,使得二者耐水肥且抗倒伏性增加,收获指数提高,同时单位面积分蘖数和成穗数增加,群体产量显著提升。近年来,水稻和小麦的超高产育种仍在围绕株型和新矮源的挖掘开展工作,希望通过新株型设计实现产量的突破。谷子育种实践表明,通过增加单位面积有效穗数(分蘖型谷子)或矮化密植均可使产量显著提升,因此,文章提出谷子后续新矮源的挖掘和创制应兼顾降株高和增分蘖,使得群体数量得到有效保障,进而通过增加有效穗数来提升产量。同时应围绕谷子株型、产量重大育种价值基因的挖掘与利用以及谷子抗逆、水分和养分高效利用的生理和分子机理开展基础研究工作,为高产稳产、抗逆性强、营养高效的突破性品种培育提供优异基因和理论基础,进而有效支撑边际土地利用和保障农业可持续发展。

A reasonable plant type is a necessity for achieving high yield,and improving plant type to achieve high yield in crops has been fully demonstrated in major cereal crops.In the 1960s,the"Green Revolution"was characterized by the breeding of semi-dwarf varieties,which resulted in a doubling of rice and wheat yields worldwide.This increase in yield can be attributed to the presence of the sd1 recessive semi-dwarf gene in rice and the widespread use of Rht-B1b,Rht-D1b,and Rht8 in wheat.These genes increased the water and fertilizer tolerance and lodging resistance of both crops,resulting in improved harvest index.Additionally,the number of tillers per unit area and panicle increased,leading to a significant increase in population yield.In recent years,the super high yield breeding for rice and wheat is still focusing on the excavation of plant types and new dwarf sources,hoping to achieve yield breakthroughs through new plant type design.The breeding practices for foxtail millet have also demonstrated that increasing the number of effective panicles per unit area(known as tillering type millet)or utilizing dwarfing and dense planting methods can greatly boost yield.Therefore,this paper suggests that the exploration and development of new dwarf sources in foxtail millet should consider both reducing plant height and increasing tillers,in order to effectively ensure population quantity and increase yield by maximizing the number of effective panicles.Simultaneously,research should focus on the exploration and utilization of major breeding value genes related to the plant type and yield,as well as the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying millet's stress resistance,water and nutrient utilization efficiency.This will provide excellent genes and theoretical foundations for the development of breakthrough varieties with high yield and stability,strong resistance,and efficient nutrient utilization.Furthermore,it will effectively support the utilization of marginal land and ensure the sustainable development of agriculture.