外资进入影响农村劳动力收入的途径: 提高工资率抑或延长工作时间

Impact Pathways of Foreign Capital Entry on the Income of Rural Workers:Higher Wage Rate or Longer Working Hours

区分外资进入通过工资率途径与工作时间途径对农村劳动力收入的影响,有助于理解外资进入的福利含义和加强工时监管的实际效果。基于企业固定雇用成本视角阐释了外资进入影响农村劳动力收入的内在机制,并采用2013年和2018年中国家庭收入调查(CHIP)数据检验了外资进入通过前述两种途径对我国农村劳动力收入的影响。研究发现,外资进入有助于提升我国农村劳动力的收入水平,且对工资率与工作时间均有正向影响。其中,增加年工作月数以延长工作时间是外资进入促进农村劳动力收入增长的重要途径,这与外资进入主要通过提高工资率促进城镇劳动力收入增长形成了对比。异质性分析发现,受外资进入影响,雇用型就业、无劳动保障、单位规模小、流动性强、就业保护弱地区的农村劳动力更可能通过延长工作时间提升收入水平。进一步研究发现,外资进入有助于推动农村劳动力将土地转包出去,并从事本地雇用型工作、非农业生产经营性活动或长期在外务工。因此,应坚持将引进外资作为我国实现劳动力充分就业的重要举措,持续推动降低企业固定雇用成本,促进农村劳动力在城镇实现稳定非农就业和收入增长。

Distinguishing the impact pathways of foreign capital entry on the income of rural workers through wage rate and working hours helps to understand the welfare implications of foreign capital entry and the practical effects of strengthening work hour supervision.Based on the perspective of fixed employment costs of enterprises,this paper explains the internal mechanism of the impact of foreign capital entry on the income of rural workers and uses data from the 2013 and 2018 Chinese Household Income Project(CHIP)to test the actual impact of foreign capital entry on the income of rural workers in China through the aforementioned two channels.This study shows that foreign capital entry helps to improve the income level of rural labor in China and has a positive impact on both the wage rate and working hours.Among these benefits,increasing the number of annual working months to extend working hours is an important way for foreign capital to increase the income of rural workers,which is in contrast to the fact that foreign capital entry increases urban labor income mainly by increasing the wage rate.Heterogeneity analysis reveals that rural workers in small-scale establishments and in areas with wage-oriented employment,lack of labor security,high mobility,and weak regional employment protection are more likely to increase their income level by extending working hours due to the impact of foreign capital entry.Further research shows that foreign capital entry can help promote rural labor to subcontract land and engage in local employment,non-agricultural production and business activities,or long-term migrant work.Therefore,we should adhere to the introduction of foreign capital as an important measure for China to achieve full employment of the labor force,continue to reduce fixed employment costs of enterprises,and promote stable non-agricultural employment and income growth for rural labor in urban areas.