道家审美机制的建构与反思——以《庄子·养生主》之“庖丁解牛”为中心

Reflections on the Construction of Taoist Aesthetic Mechanism——A Case Study of“Paodin's Dismemberment of Ox”in Regimen of Chuang Tzu LIU Hui-shu

《养生主》是庄子在其宇宙自然观的基础上,对养生要义的探讨。“养生主”的两种解法“养生(之)主”和“养生(为)主”本身就饱含着道家审美境界的生命哲思。“庖丁解牛”是其中最广为人知的寓言故事。它以隐喻的方式,通过对解牛过程的描绘,在文惠君与庖丁的对话中,借庖丁之口诠释了主体在闻“道”过程中摆脱“形”“名”所累,从主客相对到消融合一的过程。主体的明“道”—悟“道”—体“道”过程也正是道家审美机制从澄怀观“道”到以“道”解“物”“以天合天”的建构过程,而“虚静”是审美主体体“道”的重要途径。道家“超旷空灵”的审美意境诠释了中国艺术的最高精神,对后世影响深远。

Regimen is Chuang Tzu's discussion of the essence of health cultivation on the basis of his views of universe and nature.The two interpretations of“regimen”,“health cultivation is the main part of life”and“health cultivation is the basic principle”are full of the life philosophy of Taoist aesthetic realm.“Paodin's Dismemberment of Ox”is one of the most well-known fables,which,through Paoding's description of the ox's dismembering process with Duke Wen Hui,metaphorically interprets the process of how one is getting rid of the bondage of“Form”and“Name”under the edification of Tao,thus changing the Subject-Object Relation to Subject-Object Unity.The subject's progress from reading and understanding Tao to reflecting Tao also reveals the construction process of Taoist aesthetic mechanism from clearing the mind to realize Tao to eliminating material desire with Tao and unifying the man and the nature,to which“Xujing”is the most important way.The Taoist aesthetic context of“transcendent and ethereal”interprets the highest spirit of Chinese art and has a far-reaching influence on later generations.