外泌体在眼科疾病中的研究进展

Research progress of exosomes in eye diseases

外泌体(exosome)是直径30 nm~150 nm的纳米级囊泡,由脂质双分子层、蛋白质和遗传物质组成。人体内几乎所有类型的细胞都能分泌外泌体。它们在细胞通信、免疫调节、炎症反应和新生血管形成中起着关键作用。目前,外泌体已在肿瘤、心血管及泌尿系统中得到广泛研究。近年来,外泌体在眼科疾病中的作用受到越来越多的关注。外泌体在角膜病变、年龄相关性黄斑病变、糖尿病视网膜病变、青光眼等常见眼科疾病的发生、发展中发挥重要作用。不同间充质干细胞来源的外泌体在眼科疾病中的治疗潜力是当下的热点。间充质干细胞来源的外泌体具有与间充质干细胞相似的抗炎、抗凋亡、神经保护和组织修复的作用,因此外泌体可能是多种眼科疾病无细胞疗法治疗研究的新方向。进一步了解外泌体的生物学特性以及外泌体在眼科疾病的最新研究进展,将为相关眼病的发生机制和防治策略提供参考依据。

Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles with a diameter of 30 nm to 150 nm,which are composed of lipid bilayers,proteins,and genetic material.Almost all types of cells in the human body can secrete exosomes.They play key roles in cellular communication,immune regulation,inflammatory responses and neovascularization.At present,exosomes have been widely studied in tumors,cardiovascular and urinary systems.In recent years,the role of exosomes in eye diseases has attracted more and more attention.The exosomes play an important role in the occurrence and development of common eye diseases such as keratopathy,age-related macular disease,diabetic retinopathy,glaucoma,etc.Currently it is a hot topic that the therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles derived from different mesenchymal stem cells in eye diseases.The exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells have anti-inflammatory,anti apoptotic,neuroprotective and tissue repairing effects,which are similar to those of mesenchymal stem cells.Thus,exosomes may be a novel direction of research in the treatment of many eye diseases without cell therapy.Further understanding of the biological characteristics of exosomes and the latest research progress of exosomes in common eye diseases will provide reference for the pathogenesis and prevention strategies of related eye diseases.