南疆地区玉米和棉花的氮磷钾肥利用效率及影响因素

Utilization efficiency and influencing factors of N,P and K fertilizers for maize and cotton in the Southern Xinjiang region

为探究南疆施肥效果以及土壤肥力与肥料利用效率之间的相关性,2021年,在南疆地区开展35个肥料利用率田间试验(玉米16个、棉花19个),设置缺素处理(NP、PK、NK)和全肥处理(NPK),分别对玉米、棉花施用氮、磷、钾肥的产量反应、农学效率、养分积累规律、土壤肥力和施肥对肥料利用效率的影响等开展针对性研究。结果显示:玉米和棉花的NPK处理平均产量分别为14020.3 kg/hm2和6582.7 kg/hm2,二者的平均农学效率分别为N 13.0 kg/kg、P2O513.3 kg/kg、K2O 10.7 kg/kg和N 6.1 kg/kg、P2O57.6 kg/kg、K2O 7.5 kg/kg,氮、磷、钾肥平均利用率分别为42.4%、21.2%、54.1%和41.7%、18.9%、58.2%,施氮、磷、钾肥分别增产30.6%、14.7%、6.5%和41.5%、21.1%、13.4%。施肥可显著提高玉米和棉花对氮、磷素的吸收,每形成100 kg玉米籽粒需要N 2.44 kg、P2O50.91 kg、K2O 2.87 kg,每形成100 kg棉花籽棉需要N 5.37 kg、P2O51.67 kg、K2O 4.36 kg。玉米磷肥利用率与磷肥施用量呈显著负相关,棉花磷钾肥利用率与磷钾肥施用量也均呈显著负相关。玉米产量与磷肥施用量呈显著负相关,与土壤有效磷含量又呈显著正相关,南疆地区玉米可能存在一定的过量施用磷肥问题。玉米、棉花的钾肥利用率与土壤有效磷含量呈显著负相关。土壤pH与棉花产量、玉米的氮磷肥利用率均呈显著负相关。结果表明,南疆地区土壤盐碱化是影响棉花产量及玉米氮、磷肥利用率提高的主要限制因素之一。

In 2021,35 field experiments on the utilization efficiency of fertilizer(16 for maize and 19 for cotton)were conducted in the Southern Xinjiang region to study the effect of fertilization and the relationship between soil fertility and utilization efficiency of fertilizer in the Southern Xinjiang region.The nutrient defi⁃ciency treatments(NP,PK,NK)and full fertilizer treatment(NPK)were set up.The yield response,agro⁃nomic efficiency,nutrient accumulation pattern,soil fertility and the effect of fertilization on utilization effi⁃ciency of fertilizer for maize and cotton were studied respectively.Results showed that the average yield of maize and cotton treated with NPK was 14020.3 kg/hm2 and 6582.7 kg/hm2,respectively.The average ag⁃ronomic efficiency of N,P2O5,K2O was 13.0 kg/kg,13.3 kg/kg,10.7 kg/kg,and 6.1 kg/kg,7.6 kg/kg,and 7.5 kg/kg,respectively.The average utilization efficiency of N,P and K fertilizers for maize and cotton was 42.4%,21.2%,54.1%and 41.7%,18.9%,58.2%,respectively.The application of N,P and K fertil⁃izers increased yield of maize and cotton by 30.6%,14.7%,6.5%and 41.5%,21.1%,13.4%,respective⁃ly.Fertilizer application significantly improved the uptake of N,P and K by maize and cotton.2.44 kg N,0.91 kg P2O5,and 2.87 kg K2O were required for every 100 kg maize kernels.5.37 kg N,1.67 kg P2O5,and 4.36 kg K2O were required for every 100 kg cotton seed.The utilization efficiency of phosphorus fertilizer in maize was significantly and negatively correlated with the application of phosphorus fertilizer,and the utiliza⁃tion efficiency of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in cotton was significantly and negatively correlated with the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer as well.Maize yield was negatively correlated with the application of phosphorus fertilizer and positively correlated with the content of effective phosphorus in soil,indicating that there may be a certain problem of excessive application of phosphorus fertilizer in maize in the Southern Xinjiang region.The utilization efficiency of potassium fertilizer in maize and cotton was significant⁃ly negatively correlated with the content of effective phosphorus in soil.There was a significant negative cor⁃relation between soil pH,cotton yield,and the utilization efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer in maize.It is indicated that soil salinity and alkalinity in the Southern Xinjiang region are one of the main limit⁃ing factors affecting cotton yield and the improvement of utilization efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus fer⁃tilizer in maize.In the future,it is necessary to further optimize fertilization,increase the management of sa⁃line and alkali farmland,and improve utilization efficiency of fertilizer in combination with the popularization of drip irrigation technology in the Southern Xinjiang region.