生命派与选择派的博弈——以美国1983年阿克伦市“堕胎案”为观察视角

The Game Between Pro-life and Pro-choice from the Perspective of 1983 Akron"Abortion Case"

1983年阿克伦市“堕胎案”作为美国联邦最高法院转变堕胎立场的过渡性案件,反映美国政治趋于保守的同时,也展现着生命派与选择派围绕女性堕胎权进行的政治博弈,双方围绕1978年阿克伦市堕胎管理条例的合宪性问题的激烈辩论无疑加重了美国堕胎问题的政治化。虽然联邦最高法院否决该条例的大部分条款,但是试图取代罗伊案判决原则的“不适当负担”标准同样被首次提出,并在日后成为指导联邦最高法院处理堕胎案的理论依据达30年之久。除此之外,阿克伦案也是反堕胎力量由依靠法律途径转向采取暴力方式反对女性堕胎的导火索,暴力反堕胎事件在该案宣判后不久便急剧增多。阿克伦案对解释当今美国堕胎问题纷争,探究罗伊案和凯西案被推翻的原因具有重要意义。

1983 Akron“Abortion Case”,as a transitional case in which the U.S.Supreme Court changed its stance on abortion,reflected the trend toward conservative politics in the United States,but also showed the political game between pro-life and pro-choice on female abortion rights.The fierce debate between the two sides on the constitutionality of the abortion regulation of Akron City in 1978 undoubtedly aggravated the politicization of abortion in the United States.Although the Supreme Court struck down most of the provisions of the regulation,the“undue burden”standard,which sought to replace Roe,was also first proposed and would serve as the rationale for the Supreme Court's abortion decisions for 30 years.In addition,the Akron case was also the trigger for the movement of anti-abortion forces from legal to violent opposition to female abortions,which spiked shortly after the ruling.The Akron case plays an important role in explaining the current debate over abortion in the United States and exploring the reasons why Roe and Casey were overturned.