从标记性看情态的主客观对立

On the opposition between subjective and objective modality from marked⁃ness

主观情态表达说话人在说话时间和说话地点的观点和态度,情态的有标记用法在于这种主观意义可以摆脱时间和地点的限制。以往的研究大多根据说话人和非说话人的对立区分主观情态和客观情态,本文从时间维度和空间维度上界定主客观情态在意义上的区别性特征,从形式和分布上讨论客观情态的标记性。情态的有标记用法受认知交际驱动,空间上的标记性在于情态来源从说话人向非说话人转移,凸显情态的交互主观性和篇章功能,时间上的标记性在于情态判定时间从当前向过去转移,凸显情态的情感意义。

Subjective modality conveys the speaker's opinions and attitudes tied to the here⁃and⁃now of the current speech situation,and the markedness of modality lies in the fact that its subjective meaning can be displaced in the sense that it can describe events in time and space from the speech situation.Most of the previous studies dichotomize the objective and subjective modality according to the opposition between speakers and non⁃speakers,while this paper defines the distinctive features of subjective and objective modality in terms of time and space dimensions,and discusses the markedness of objective modality from its form and distribution.The markedness of modality is motivated by cognitive⁃communicative factors,because the markedness in space is manifested in the transfer of modal source from the speaker to non⁃speakers,highlighting the in⁃tersubjectivity and textual function of modality,and the markedness in time is manifested in the transfer of the time of modal evaluation from the present to the past,highlighting the emotive meaning of modality.