从反贫困到反脆弱性:事实无人抚养儿童福利政策的演进逻辑、现实挑战与创新路径

From Anti-Poverty to Anti-Vulnerability:Evolution, Challenges, and Innovations ofWelfare Policy for De Facto UnattendedChildren

事实无人抚养儿童的生活福祉和可持续发展不仅是政府备加关注的社会问题,也是完善儿童福利体系建设的重要议题。本文以社会福利政策分析框架为基础,对事实无人抚养儿童福利政策演绎和内涵拓展进行历时性梳理。研究发现事实无人抚养儿童福利政策呈现出责任主体从家事变为国事、福利供给内容从保障生存到整合性照顾、福利输送从行政化到专业化的演进逻辑。但事实无人抚养儿童福利政策在精准识别和部门协同联动、福利供给形式和服务工具、政策执行监测与评估等方面较为滞后。为充分保障事实无人抚养儿童发展权益,需要优化动态化管理和责任主体联动、实施分层分类保障、强化政策督导评估等支持体系,健全事实无人抚养儿童福利政策建设。

The well-being and sustainable development of de facto unattended children present signifi cant social issues that are increasingly drawing governmental attention,crucial for enhancing the construction of the child welfare system.Using the analytical framework of social welfare policy,this paper illuminates the historical evolution and broadening connotations of welfare policies for children who are de facto unattended.The research highlights the transition of responsibility for caring for de facto unattended children from families to the state,the evolution of welfare provision from ensuring basic living standards to integrated care,and the shift in service delivery from a conventional administration-led approach to a professional one.However,gaps persist in various dimensions of this welfare policy,including beneficiary targeting,cross-sectoral collaboration,accessibility of service provision and relevant tools,and monitoring and evaluation of policy implementation.To comprehensively protect the rights of de facto unattended children and foster their development through an enhanced welfare policy system,it is recommended to promote dynamic management and shared responsibility,implement layered and classified protection,and reinforce the support mechanism through policy guidance and evaluation.