悲天与悯人:鲁迅评判艺术正义的两种立场

Lu Xun's Two Stances on Judging Artistic Justice

如同人类历史上大多数伟大的思想家,鲁迅高度关注社会正义。但鲁迅又是一个以文学家作为其主要职业的思想家,他自然也关注与社会正义有着互渗互动关系的艺术正义。不过,他对艺术正义的评判要远远复杂于他对社会正义的评判,导致这种复杂性的是其评判艺术正义的两种立场:“悲天”的人文主义立场、精英主义立场、启蒙主义立场、开启民智进而鼓励他们参与社会改造的立场;“悯人”的人文主义立场、平民主义立场、复仇主义立场、同情弱者进而希冀他们的心灵受到抚慰的立场。在艺术正义问题上,这两种立场看似自相矛盾,实则辩证统一。鲁迅是民国史上鲜见的既具有高度人文情怀,又具有丰富人文情怀的思想家,正是他一生洋溢着的独特人文情怀将这两种立场统一于其中。与这两种立场互为表里的是鲁迅以不同标准对艺术正义的社会效应做出的价值判断。任何种类的艺术正义都是双刃剑:既有正面社会效应,也有负面社会效应。问题的复杂性还在于,以不同的标准来审视同一类型甚至同一亚类型的艺术正义,极可能做出不同甚至相反的价值判断。鲁迅以其中的两种标准来审视其社会效应,于是便有了两种截然相反的判断。

Lu Xun's judgment on artistic justice is far more complex than his judgment on social justice,and this complexity is caused by his two stances on judging artistic justice:One is the elitist stance,the stance of enlightenment,the stance of inspiring the people's wisdom and then encouraging them to participate in social transformation;The other is the populist stance,the stance of revenge,the stance of sympathizing with the weak and then hoping for their hearts to be comforted.These two stances may seem contradictory,but in reality,they are dialectically unified.It was Lu Xun's high and rich humanistic sentiment that unified these two stances.Closely related to these two stances is Lu Xun's value judgment on the social effect of artistic justice with dfferent standards.Any kind of artistic justice has both positive and negative social effects.The problem also lies in that if you examine the same type or even the same subtype of artistic justice with diferent standards,you are likely to make different or even opposite value judgment.Lu Xun examined theirs social effects with two of these standards,resulting in two completely opposite judgments.