汉律的分级与分类——再论秦汉法典的体系

The Grading and Classification System of Han Dynasty Laws——Further Discussion on the System of Qin-Han Laws

荆州胡家草场西汉墓M12出土的三卷汉律简册及其目录,最终证明了汉律不存在所谓“二级分类”。第一卷与另两卷“旁律”、睡虎地77号西汉墓的V卷与W卷“旁律”以及益阳兔子山遗址J7木牍律名所反映出的分类,不具有国家立法分类的意义,只是从事司法实务者为存放、寻检律令等便利所作的标识和区分;律学家在此基础之上,又概括出了所谓“罪名之制”“刑律”“事律”等。汉律多以“条”的形式颁行,以“篇”为法定的基本单位进行组织、编联、收存和流布,且有相当的稳定性。汉律并无固定、封闭、完整的类似后代唐律那样的结构,无论是律篇还是律条,都可以随时增减。

The three volumes of laws of Han Dynasty and its categories at M12 Western Han tomb at Hujia Caochang,Jingzhou,Hubei Province,show there is no so-called secondary classification of Han Dynasty laws.The classification from the first volume and the other two volumes,Panglv("旁律",the law for other crimes),V volume at No.77 Western Han tomb at Shuihudi and W volume,Panglv,and wooden tablets about Han's legal terminologies at Tuzishan site of Yiyang city,do not have the meaning of national legislative classification.The distinctions made by those engaged in judicial practice for the convenience of depositing and searching for legal orders.On this basis,the professional in laws outlined the so-called"system of defining crimes"("罪名之制"),prison law("刑律")"law of affairs"("事律"),etc.The Han law is mostly promulgated in the form of"articles"("条"),with"chapters"("篇")as the basic legal unit for organization,codification,storage and publication.It has considerably stability.There is no fixed,closed and complete structure of Han law similar to that of the later Tang law.No matter books("律篇")or articles("律条")can be added or deleted at any time.