近代早期法国的城市清洁与卫生治理

The Governance of Urban Sanitation in Early Modern France

在近代早期的法国,城市环境和清洁卫生问题逐渐被纳入城市治理的范畴。从16到18世纪,王室政府和城市当局出台了一系列清洁卫生法令,以减少瘟疫和疾病的传播,改善和美化城市环境,维护城市居民的健康。法令不仅鼓励社会多元力量参与城市垃圾的处理,还试图统筹清洁卫生治理所需的资金,并设立了专门的管理机构和治理官员。在实际执法过程中,治理法庭可以对各类违反法令的行为作出判决,予以惩治。其中围绕屠宰场的污染防治和迁址问题,成了检验城市治理能力的试金石。近代早期法国王室政府和市政当局通过立法和行政监管,对城市居民的行为加以规范,致力于城市清洁与卫生治理,无疑体现着政府和城市管理职能的发展,也在一定程度上构建起近代以来法国城市治理的制度化体系。

In early modern France,the urban environment and sanitation were gradually incorporated into municipal governance.From the 16th to the 18th century,the monarchy and city authorities had issued a series of sanitary acts and decrees,in order to control the spread of plagues and diseases,improve the urban environment,and maintain the health of city dwellers.These decrees not only encouraged the participation of various social groups in the disposal of waste,pooled the funds needed for urban sanitation,but also set up the governing body with specialized officials.In the process of law enforcement,the Chambre de police could punish all kinds of behaviors violating decrees and regulations.In particular,the pollution prevention and relocation of abattoir had been one of litmus tests of city governance capacity.Through legislative and administrative practices,the royal court and city authorities aimed at regulating the behavior of city residents,and were committed to improving urban sanitations,which has ever since institutionalized urban governance in France.