非法植入基因编辑、克隆胚胎罪的教义学阐释

Doctrinal interpretation of the crime of illegal gene editing and embryo cloning

“基因编辑婴儿案”把基因编辑和生物安全问题推上了风口浪尖。由于生殖系基因编辑具有“脱靶”效应等现实风险,加之相关法规位阶较低等因素,《刑法修正案(十一)》增加了非法植入基因编辑、克隆胚胎罪。该罪的设立符合国家总体安全观的要求并且具有浓厚的预防性刑法色彩。其保护法益为基因编辑技术应用的伦理性和安全性。实行行为是“植入”行为。“情节严重”作为本罪的违法性构成要素,其认定需反映对法益的侵害程度。正确厘定本罪的“出罪情形”对司法实践中准确划定犯罪边界具有重要意义。本罪在立法层面尚有不足,可以通过增加客观违法行为类型、增加单位犯罪主体、行政处罚前置化等措施完善。

The"gene editing baby case"has brought the issue of gene editing and biosafety to the forefront again.Due to the real risk of germline gene editing and the low level of relevant regulations,the Criminal Law Amendment(XI)added the crime of illegal implantation of gene editing and embryo cloning.The establishment of this crime is in line with the requirements of the overall security concept of the country and has a strong preventive criminal law color.The legal interest to be protected is the ethical and safety of the application of gene editing tech-nology.The actual act is the act of"implantation".As a constitutive element of the offense,"aggravating circum-stances"must reflect the degree of infringement on the legal interests.The correct definition of the"circumstances of the crime"is of great significance to the accurate delineation of the crime boundary in judicial practice.There are still shortcomings in the legislation of this crime,which can be improved by increasing the types of objective illegal acts,increasing the subjects of unit crimes.