改革开放以来我国扶贫政策的历史变迁与趋势展望——基于322份中央政策文本的分析

Historical changes and trends in China's poverty alleviation policies since the beginning of reform and opening up——analysis of 322 national-level policy documents

回顾我国扶贫政策设计历程可以总结脱贫攻坚经验,助推巩固脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴战略有机衔接。现有扶贫政策研究往往从政策工具理论切入,缺少规范性分析框架,因此,选取文本分析法,构建“形式特征分析-内容特征分析”两个维度,对1978—2021年322份中央层面扶贫政策文本进行分析。研究发现,尽管脱贫攻坚为乡村振兴奠定了良好基础,但在政策设计上仍存在不足。城乡扶贫政策体系统筹欠缺,政策目标忽视激发贫困群体内生性动力,中央过度主导,政策工具组合使用失衡。未来贫困治理和乡村发展工作应统筹规划城乡扶贫政策体系,加大扶贫对象内生动力培育力度,加强政府、市场和社会的通力合作,实现政策工具科学搭配使用。

By reviewing the design process of China's poverty alleviation policy,we can summarize the experience of poverty alleviation,help to consolidate the achievements in poverty alleviation,and organically link it up to the rural vitalization policy.As most of the existing research focuses on policy tool theory and lacks attention to the normative analysis framework for the poverty alleviation policy system,this paper selects the quantitative analysis method for policy content and constructs a two-dimensional analysis framework of"formal feature analysiscontent feature analysis",through analyzing 322 national policy documents in the field of poverty alleviation from 1978 to 2021.This paper reveals that the battle against poverty has laid a solid foundation for further rural development,but there are still deficiencies in policy design.The poverty alleviation policy system lacks urban-rural integration,neglects the stimulation of endogenous impetus among poor people,shows excessive dominance of central government,and has an imbalance in the structure of poverty alleviation policy tool.In the future,poverty alleviation and rural development work should make comprehensive plans for the urban and rural poverty alleviation policy system,enhance the cultivation of endogenous motivation for poverty alleviation targets,strengthen cooperation among the government,market and society,and achieve a scientific collocation of policy tools.