“血缘”抑或“政治”——中晚唐五代时期假子泛滥成风的原因

“Blood”or“Politics”On the reason for the prevalence of adopted sons in the middle-late Tang and Five Dynasties

中晚唐五代时期拟制血亲的构建打破了原有的制度约束与伦理规范,逐渐贯穿于社会各阶层而成为一种普遍化现象。如何理解这种转变背后蕴含的复杂原因?哪类因素主导产生了这种变化?既有研究倾向于对可能性影响因素进行简单的列举与剖析,但仅关注“因素是什么”,鲜有探讨“因素都有什么”与“因素间的排序与联系”。本文关注这一时期的特殊性,应用扎根理论的方法归纳影响因素,定性比较分析的方法判别作用机制,基于整体性视角对假子泛滥现象的生成原因进行系统性的剖析与检验。研究发现无论价值崩塌与宦官干涉是否存在,在考虑血缘宗法的情况下,战乱动荡的收养客观情境与政治争霸的收养主观意图导致假子盛行。由此可知政治性因素已取代原有的血缘宗法因素,占据主导地位,通过刺激制度松动与调适以影响其他因素,最终形成了整体性原因谱系,施加于拟制血亲关系的建立过程而诱发转变。鉴于此,文章构建了“因素归纳—组态判别—关联探究”的逻辑链条,深度剖析中晚唐五代时期假子泛滥成风的原因,加深对相应历史的理解与思考。

The construction of fictitious consanguinity in the middle-late Tang and Five Dynasties broke the original institutional constraints and ethical norms.It gradually penetrated all social strata and became a universal phenomenon.How to understand the complex reasons behind this shift?What kind of factors lead to this change?Existing studies tend to simply list and analyze the possible influencing factors,focusing only on“what are the factors”.But they rarely discussed“what are the factors”and“the order and connection between factors”.This paper focuses on the particularity of this period,summarizes the influencing factors with the method of grounded theory,identifies the mechanism of action with the method of qualitative comparative analysis,and systematically analyzes the causes of adopted son flooding from the holistic perspective.It is found that regardless of the collapse of value and the interference of eunuchs,the objective situation of adoption due to war and the subjective intention of adoption due to political hegemony lead to the prevalence of adopted son.It can be seen that political factors have replaced the original patriarchal factors to occupy the dominant position.Through stimulating the loosening and adjustment of the system to affect other factors,the whole cause pedigree is finally formed,which is applied to the establishment process of the fictitious blood relationship.In view of this,the paper constructs a logical chain of“factor induction-configuration discrimination-relevance inquiry”,deeply analyzes the reasons for the prevalence of adopted son in the middle-late Tang and Five Dynasties,with a better understanding of the corresponding history.