传统民族文化的再生产——以清迈水灯节文化再生产为例

The Reproduction of Traditional National Culture:A Case Study of the Reproduction of the Loi Krathong Festival Culture in Chiang Mai

水灯节是泰国民间的传统节日,现已成为该国重点推广的一个文化旅游项目。为能适应旅游市场的需求,水灯节在持续演进过程中形成了“典型”的泰北文化。文章通过案例及历史研究,在查阅与清迈水灯节相关的王朝记事、传说和诗歌等泰文原始资料基础上,结合中泰两国相关文献,对水灯节早期的传统风俗及影响因素进行背景梳理,探讨不同历史时期水灯节的文化再生产过程、主体及动因,重点对文化生产与传承的方式、文化变迁进行具体分析,进而探析清迈水灯节文化在旅游场域中的演变及出现的问题,以期为民族文化开发利用提供启示。对清迈三个不同历史时期的水灯节文化再生产的研究发现,因社会、经济、政治及宗教等因素影响,该地水灯节文化再生产中民族文化传承在不同时期呈现出不同的特征,尤其自泰国旅游经济迅速发展以来,由于场域内主体参与者在文化利用和开发中过度重视市场与资本,忽视对民族文化及其传承体系的关注,缺乏族群文化创造和身体经验在文化传承过程中的参与,直接导致了该文化形象失真、文化内涵变异、文化形象统一化,以及诸多社会环境问题的产生。为解决相关问题,必须充分行使政府职能部门在文化资源上的管理和监督职权,并激发文化所有者的创造力和想象力,在发展民族文化的同时,保留民族文化原生态的特色和内涵,避免文化缺失和传承中断现象的发生。

As a traditional Thaifolk festival,the Loi Krathong Festival has become a key cultural tourism project in Thailand and has developed a‘typical Northern Thai culture’through constant evolution in order to satisfy the tour⁃ist market.This research,by using the documentary research method,studies the process,the subjects and the moti⁃vations of cultural reproduction of the festival in different historical periods through Thai primary sources such as dy⁃nastic records,legends and poems with relevant literature from both China and Thailand,so as to contextualize the traditional customs and influencing factors of the early days.It explores thecultural evolution and problems in the tourism field by focusing onthe ways of cultural production and transmission as well as cultural transformation,thus offering corresponding insights into the same type of ethnic cultural exploitation in China.Due to social,economic,political and religious factors,the cultural production of the Loi Krathong Festival in the three different historical peri⁃ods has shown diverse characteristics,especially since the rapid growth of Thailand’s tourism economy,the exces⁃sive emphasis on the market and capital,the neglect of a basic understanding of ethnic culture and its inheritance system,and the lack of participation in the cultural creation and physical experience of the community have directly led to the distortion of the cultural image,the mutation of cultural connotations,the uniformity of the cultural image,and the creation of many social and environmental problems.In view of this,it is necessary to give full play to the power of government functionaries in the management and supervision of cultural resources to stimulate the creativ⁃ity and imagination of cultural owners,so as topreserve the substantial characteristics and connotations instead of cultural deficiency and interruption of transmission while developing the national culture.