马克思“现实的人”的理论潜能研究——基于《论犹太人问题》的一个考察

A Study on the Theoretical Potential of Marx’s“Realistic Man”––An Investigation Based on On the Jewish Question

《论犹太人问题》是历史唯物主义形成的起始阶段和现代性批判的重要宣言,犹太人问题的讨论将其视野范围和思想论域引进到市民社会矛盾解决的现实领域。针对鲍威尔等人宗教解放的错乱药方,马克思将犹太人问题界定为“现实的人”的问题,通过宗教批判无法使犹太人问题提升为时代问题,只有集中到对政治解放本身的批判才能正确看待政治解放和人类解放的关系。

On the Jewish Question is the beginning stage of the formation of historical materialism and an important declaration of modernity criticism.The discussion of the Jewish Question introduces its scope of vision and ideological domain to the practical field of civil society conflict resolution.In response to Powell and others’unhinged prescription for religious liberation,Marx defined the Jewish problem as the problem of“realistic man”,and religious criticism could not elevate the Jewish problem to the problem of the times.Only by focusing on the criticism of political liberation itself can we correctly view the relationship between political liberation and human liberation.By analyzing the modern life situation of“realistic man”full of unreality,this paper makes clear the limit of political liberation,namely the height of modern liberation,and points out that“realistic man”has the dual connotation of fact dimension and value dimension,so as to open up the field of social and historical reality for the discussion of human liberation.The liberation of“realistic man”did not resort to the realization of Hegelian ethical state,but turned to the efforts to seek universality within civil society,which opened up a realistic path for the liberation of“realistic man”.In a word,the theoretical potential of“realistic man”is mainly reflected as the wedge point of Marx’s criticism from the state to the civil society,which opens up the reality field and the reality path for the historical materialism aiming at cutting into the social reality.