不同覆盖材料对旱地马铃薯土壤水分和耗水的影响

Effects of Different Mulching Materials on Soil Moisture and Water Consumption of Potato in Dryland

[目的]明确西北半干旱区不同覆盖材料对马铃薯土壤水分及耗水规律的影响,寻求旱作区保墒抑蒸及降低农田污染问题的最佳种植措施。[方法]于2021年设置了4种覆盖种植模式:生物可降解地膜覆盖(PM 1)、普通PE地膜覆盖(Pm^(2))、整秆带状覆盖(SM 1)和碎秆全覆盖(Sm^(2)),以传统露地平作(CK)为对照,研究了不同覆盖材料对旱地马铃薯土壤水分、耗水及产量的影响。[结果]覆盖较CK能显著增加马铃薯全生育期土壤含水量5.7%~9.7%,且PM 1和Pm^(2)处理均在淀粉积累期增墒幅度最大,而SM 1和Sm^(2)处理均在块茎膨大期增幅最大;土层间,PM 1和SM 1处理均以120—180 cm土层增墒幅度最大,而Pm^(2)和Sm^(2)处理均以0—60 cm土层增幅最大。覆盖显著降低马铃薯全生育期耗水量5.1%~11.2%,降幅以PM 1处理最大,SM 1处理最小;与CK相比,地膜覆盖显著降低生育前期(播种期—块茎形成期)、中期(块茎形成期—淀粉积累期)的耗水,增加后期(淀粉积累期—成熟期)耗水,而秸秆覆盖主要降低了生育前期和后期耗水,增加了中期耗水。覆盖均能增加马铃薯鲜薯产量5.0%~17.1%、干薯产量7.0%~19.0%和水分利用效率15.0%~33.7%,且秸秆覆盖中增幅均为Sm^(2)>SM 1,地膜覆盖均为Pm^(2)>PM 1。[结论]秸秆覆盖具有与地膜覆盖相似的增墒增产潜力,且整秆带状覆盖操作简便,可在旱地马铃薯生产中推广使用。

[Objective]The aims of this study are to clarify the effects of different mulching materials on soil moisture and water consumption of potato in the semi-arid area of Northwest China,and to seek the best planting measures for preserving soil moisture,suppressing evaporation,and reducing farmland pollution in dry area.[Methods]Four mulching planting modes were set in 2021:biodegradable mulching(PM 1),PE mulching(Pm^(2)),straw strip mulching(SM 1)and crushed straw mulching on the whole ground(Sm^(2)).The traditional bare land planting without mulching(CK)was used as a control to study the effects of different mulching materials on soil moisture,water consumption and yield of dryland potato.[Results]The soil moisture content during the whole growth period under all the mulching significantly increased by 5.7%~9.7%compared with CK,and under the PM 1 and Pm^(2)treatments,the moisture content had the largest increase during starch accumulation stage,while under the SM 1 and Sm^(2)treatments the content had the largest increase in the tuber expansion stage.As for the moisture content in soil layers,the PM 1 and SM 1 treatments had the largest increase in 120—180 cm soil layer,while the Pm^(2)and Sm^(2)treatments had the largest increase in 0—60 cm soil layer.All the mulching significantly reduced the water consumption of potato during the whole growth period by 5.1%~11.2%,with the largest reduction under the PM 1 treatment and the smallest reduction under the SM 1 treatment.Compared with CK,plastic film mulching significantly reduced the water consumption in early growth periods(from sowing stage to tuber formation stage)and middle growth periods(from tuber formation stage to starch accumulation stage),but increased the water consumption in late growth periods(from starch accumulation stage to maturation stage),while the straw mulching reduced the water consumption mainly in early growth periods and late growth periods,but increased the water consumption in middle growth periods.Mulching could increase fresh potato yield by 5.0%~17.1%,dry potato yield by 7.0%~19.0%and water use efficiency by 15.0%~33.7%,and the increase followed the order:Sm^(2)>SM 1 under straw mulching and Pm^(2)>PM 1 in plastic film mulching.[Conclusion]Straw mulching is similar to plastic film mulching in increasing soil moisture and yield,and the straw strip mulching is easy to operate,so it can be widely used in dryland potato production.