论数据权利的标准化

Standardization of Rights to Data

“数据二十条”在国家政策表达层面以“权利束”作为数据上诸种权益诉求的底层观察视角,以应对数据从产生伊始就面临的复杂利益共生和相互依存关系。但在法律学说与实定法表达层面,有必要在此基础上聚焦各组数据生成与流通关系,从“权利人有权作用于权利对象的方式”等关键维度,对每一组数据社会关系中的权利条块主张予以划界,将常见且正当的数据权利条块标准化为不同层次的权利模块,从而在立法层面实现规范表达。在信息来源主体之法定在先权利模块与数据处理主体之数据财产权利模块的二分基础上,可将后一模块细分为数据一般财产权模块与各类子财产权利模块。数据一般财产权是最先出现且最为完整的权利样态,包含了持有权能、使用权能和以经营为核心的处分权能;各数据子财产权利模块的样态取决于具体的数据流通模式。

As a national policy,the"20 Provisions on Data"adopted the"bundle of rights"theory as the foundational perception of various right claims over data,so as to address the complexity of interest symbiosis and interdependence over data taking place ever since data was first produced.However,when it comes to the expression of such perception in legal doctrines and statutory laws,it is vital to standardize widely seen and justified claims of right sticks over data into right modules at different levels,by focusing on the social relations of data production and circulation based on the aforesaid perception,and by delineating the claims arising from each social relation from key dimensions like the manner in which the right-holder is entitled to act upon the right object.The"bundle of rights"over data can be divided into first-order statutory rights of information subjects and data property rights of data processors,the latter of which can be further divided into the module of general property right and sub-modules of property rights.Among all modules of data property rights,the general property right arises at the earliest time and contains the most fully-fledged form,including the rights to hold,use,and dispose especially by managing for-profit.The patterns of sub-modules depend on data trade models.