刑事诉讼认知行为:理论对话与制度衔接

Cognitive Behavior in Criminal Procedure:Theoretical Dialogue and Institutional Arrangement

近年来,程序性制裁抑或诉讼行为无效理论已发展至一个较为稳定的阶段,理论对立法及司法实践提供支持、产生影响,但相关研究的热度和创新性有所下降。诉讼行为理论的研究,首先要明确“人”是如何进行认知决策并产生认知行为的,进而促使认知行为与诉讼行为进行有效的理论对话,藉此作出理论推进。只要刑事诉讼行为建立于认知偏差之上,且涉及到其刑事诉讼行为的核心内容,即便认知偏差往往是“隐性”的,那么这一刑事诉讼行为就应当被认定为无效。只是因为存在程序形成行为与实体形成行为之区分,在隐性无效之刑事诉讼认知行为的认定上,需要分别切入。基于认知行为与诉讼行为的理论交织,可以从保障当事人之刑事诉讼行为异议权、确保各方刑事诉讼主体的信息对称、事后“程序性制裁”到同步“程序性提示”、涉及认知偏差的刑事诉讼行为之追责与卸责等方面入手,完善相关刑事诉讼制度设计。

In recent years,the theory of procedural sanction or nullification of litigation has developed to a stable stage,and the theories are supporting and influencing the legislation and judicial practice,while the intensity and innovation of the relevant research has declined.Clarifying how“human”makes cognitive decisions and cognitive behavior is the priority of the study of litigation behavior theory,which can help us to promote effective interaction on theory between the cognitive behavior and litigation behavior so as to make theoretical advances.As long as there is a deviation in the core content of criminal procedure,even if the deviation is invisible,the behavior should be determined as invalid.Since there is a distinction between procedure-forming behaviors and substantiality-forming behaviors,invalidating the invisible behaviors should take two different ways.Based on the theoretical interconnection between cognitive behavior and litigation behavior,the design of the criminal procedure system can be improved through protecting the right of the litigants to dissent the criminal procedure behavior,ensuring the symmetry of information for all subjects of criminal procedure,moving from“procedural sanction”after the fact to“procedural reminder”in synchrony and pursuing and removing the responsibility for the criminal procedure behavior involving cognitive deviation.