地方性法规民事司法适用规则研究

A Study on the Civil Law Courts'Application of Local Regulations

地方性法规的民事司法适用存在“遵照执行”和“存而不用”两种误区。地方性法规在民事裁判中应处“参照”地位。法官必须将地方性法规纳为找法对象,但应经判断和审查后,再决定是否适用。所谓判断,是指通过自上而下找法后,对地方性法规是否与个案事实达成涵摄的判断。涵摄达成的理由,包括民法内和民法外两种。民事裁判文书应载明案件是否属于地方性法规适用的效力范围,并区分执行性地方性法规和创制性地方性法规以相应说明理由。法官还应充分检索并说明上位法的有关情况,并注意上位法尤其是民事法律中对规范位阶的限制。所谓审查,是指以规范秩序统一性为标准,对地方性法规裁判说理依据资格的审查。这种审查,宜限定为对地方性法规条文内容的审查,重点审查其是否与上位法的具体条文或制度抵触。民事裁判文书应直接载明审查过程和审查结果。对于与上位法相抵触的地方性法规,应避免对其效力做出评价,仅指出其不宜作为裁判说理依据即可。

There are two misconceptions about the civil law courts'application of local regulations,namely,that the local regulations should be"followed"or that they should be“acknowledged but not applied”.Local regulations should be in the position of“reference”in civil judicial decisions.Judges must include local regulations as objects of"law finding",but such regulations should be assessed and reviewed before deciding whether to be applied.The so-called assessment requires the judges to assess whether a local law or regulation reaches a subsumption with the facts of an individual case after a top-down law finding.The reasons for this achieved subsumption include both“civil law”and“extra-civil law”.The so-called review refers to the judges'review of the qualification of the basis of the judging and reasoning under the local regulations,based on the criterion of the uniformity of the normative order.It is appropriate to limit such review to the content of the provisions of the local regulations,focusing on whether they are in conflict with any specific provision or system of higher laws.