论宪法与部门法关系背后的三种“宪法”以宪法本体论问题为线索

The Three“Constitutions”Behind the Relationship between the Constitution and Departmental Law AnOntologicalAnalysis

宪法与部门法关系之争,根源在于宪法本体论即“宪法是什么”。在中国宪法“多元复合”的背后,三种宪法“本体”各有脉络,却又彼此紧张。其一,中国宪法有着久远的“母法”(社会主义纲领)传承,这种基于国家目标、要求积极实施的宪法逻辑,是宪法“具体化”为部门法的核心理由。其二,中国宪法是“根本法”(共同体元规则)。与“母法”逻辑不同,它代表着另一种消极内敛的“元规则”逻辑,强调宪法只应关注一个共同体的“根本”而非“普通”问题。其三,宪法是“公法”(自由保障法)。在中国语境下,它蕴含着一种双重自由保障的逻辑,但当宪法被“片面实施”时,它就会与母法逻辑形成严重对立。解开宪法本体论矛盾,关键在“本体论”。自哲学诠释学视角,宪法的“存在”依寓于“时间”(历史)。不能滥用自然科学思维,将(中国)宪法在历史中形成的某种意义贬斥为“历史的偶然”。应当尊重我国宪法三种“本体”背后的不同意义,让它们在对宪法语言的解释中彼此对话。

The key to constitutional law's relationship with departmental law lies in its ontological foundation.There are three conflicting ontological conceptions behind the Chinese constitution.First,the“mother law”(socialist programme)embodies a logic of the“positive constitution”centered on national goals.Second,the“fundamental law”represents a passive meta-rule logic.Third,the“public law”(liberty-safeguarding law)holds the potential for dual-layered freedom protection.However,partial enforcement may lead to significant conflicts with the mother law.The key to resolving these contradictions is through“ontology.”From a philosophical hermeneutical standpoint,we must attend to the constitution's“being and time,”respecting the historical significance underpinning its ontology and fostering their mutual dialogue within the interpretation of constitutional language.