文化差异、就业平等性与农村劳动力跨省迁移——一个同时考虑非货币效用的分析框架

Cultural Differences,Employment Equality and Inter-provincial Migration of Rural Labor--An Analytical Framework Considering Both Monetary and Non-monetary Utility

中国东北地区先行出现人口负增长,劳动力跨省迁出规模较大,而另一些经济欠发达地区劳动力跨省迁移却很少,这无法简单地用劳动力迁移规律解释。本文同时考虑迁移的货币效用和非货币效用目标,拓展了托达罗模型,构建了一个农村劳动力跨省迁移的决策分析框架,从区域间文化差异与就业平等性差异视角解释上述现象,并基于全国人口普查长表数据,利用31个省(自治区、直辖市)两两配对构建农村劳动力省际迁移面板模型进行实证检验。结果显示:(1)农村劳动力跨省迁移同时追求非货币效用的假设能有效解释经济欠发达地区跨省迁移少的现象;(2)就业平等性对农村劳动力跨省迁移的重要影响能有效解释东北等地区劳动力大量外迁现象,它不仅影响劳动力工资水平、就业概率、岗位选择与晋升,也影响其迁移的非货币效用;(3)在控制经济水平和就业市场容量等因素后,以平等就业环境测度的区域就业平等性差异显著促进了农村劳动力从就业平等性低的省份迁往就业平等性高的省份。

Northeast China's economy is not backward,but there is a negative population growth and a large scale of inter-provincial migrants.However,many less developed regions in China have few inter-provincial migrants,which is contrary to the law of labor migration.Considering both monetary and non-monetary utility objectives of migration,this paper extends the Todaro model to construct a decision-making framework for rural labor migration across provinces,and explains the above phenomena from the perspective of regional cultural differences and employment equality differences.Based on the long table data of the national census,we constructed the paired inter-provincial migration panel data in 31 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities)to empirically test the above analysis framework.The results show that the hypothesis that inter-provincial migrants pursue both monetary and non-monetary utility can explain the phenomenon of fewer inter-provincial migrants in less developed areas.Furthermore,this study finds that the important impact of employment equality on the inter-provincial migration of rural labor can effectively explain the massive out-migration of labor in Northeast China and other regions.Employment equality not only affects labor wages,employment probability,job selection and promotion,but also affects the non-monetary utility of migration.Finally,after controlling for factors such as economic level and job market capacity,the regional differences in employment equality measured by the equal employment environment significantly promote the migration of rural labor from provinces with low employment equality to provinces with high employment equality.