以色列中等教育“职普融通”改革历程与实践反思

The Reform Process and Reflective Practice of Vocational and General Education Integration in Israeli Secondary Education

以色列在中等教育阶段推进职业技术教育和普通教育的融通发展具有较长的历史。当前,教育部是“职普融通”的主导力量,教育部管辖的高中是重要平台,课程、升学和学历资格等方面的融合是主要手段,技术能力培养是重心。以色列教育事业具有多元化、多方参与的传统,这对“职普融通”实施路径的形成起到了重要推动作用。教育部之外,经济产业部、以色列国防军、以色列制造商协会也是职业技术教育的关键主体。经济产业部管辖着传统形态下单一轨道的职业技术教育,这类教育的规模较小。国防军、制造商协会等生产行业核心主体参与教育部系统内的技术人才培养,提升了职业技术教育的质量和吸引力,在国家科技人才需求和学生个人就业需求之间形成了较好地平衡,是新世纪以来以色列“职普融通”的成功经验。

Israel has a long history of promoting the integration of vocational and general education in secondary education.Currently,the Ministry of Education is the driving force behind vocational and general education integration,with high schools under its jurisdiction serving as important platforms.The integration of curriculum,college entrance,and qualifications is the primary means,with a focus on developing technical skills.Israel's education sector has a tradition of diversity and multi-stakeholder involvement,which has played an important role in shaping the implementation path of vocational and general education integration.In addition to the Ministry of Education,the Ministry of Economy and Industry,the Israeli Defense Forces,and the Manufacturers Association of Israel are key actors in vocational and technical education.The Ministry of Economy and Industry oversees vocational and technical education in traditional forms,which are relatively small in scale.The participation of the defense forces,manufacturers'associations,and other core industry entities in talent development within the Ministry of Education system has enhanced the quality and attractiveness of vocational and technical education.It has also achieved a good balance between national demand for technological talent and individual student employment needs,making it a successful experience in vocational and general education integration in Israel since the beginning of the 21st century.