未成年人网络消费行为的法律效力

Legal Validity of Minors’Online Consumption

游戏充值、直播打赏是未成年人网络消费的集中表现形式,网络的虚拟性导致难以识别实际消费的行为主体,容易引发纠纷。判断消费主体时,应坚持网络实名制,推定账户所有人为实际消费人,无须区分线上线下而统一适用民事行为能力制度。账户所有人和实际消费人不一致时,应参照“揭开公司面纱”的法理机制判断实际消费人。综合账户注册信息、未成年人的群体消费性特征,同时结合网络交易的特点、日常生活消费概念的发展、消费行为的整体性等认定消费行为是否与未成年人年龄、智力状况、精神状况相适应。一旦超出该范围,须严格认定法定代理人的事前同意或事后追认,可能因拒绝追认或被撤销而发生返还财产、分担损失的法律效果。

Minors’online consumption mostly takes the form of game topping-up and live broadcast tipping.The virtuality of online consumption makes it hard to ensure the real consuming subject,apt to disputes.When judging the consuming subject,we should rely on the network real-name system(NRS),regarding the account owner as the actual consumer and applying civil capacity system to both online and offline consumption.When the account owner and the actual consumer are inconsistent,the legal mechanism of“lifting the company veil”should be used to determine the actual consumer.It is proposed to determine whether a consumption behavior suits the age,intelligence,and mental state of minors based on the comprehensive analysis of account registration information,group consumption characteristics of minors,as well as characteristics of online transactions,the development of daily life consumption concepts,and the overall nature of consumption behaviors.Once the scope is exceeded,it is necessary to strictly recognize the prior consent or post recognition of the legal representative,which may have the legal effect of returning property and sharing losses due to refusal or revocation of recognition.