生态环境损害代修复制度的理解——基于《民法典》第1234条

The understanding of the system of alternative restoration of eco-environmental damage——based on article 1234 of the Civil Code

《民法典》创新地规定了生态环境领域的代修复制度,是私法公法化的重大表现,但法律对该制度的规定比较简单,该制度在实践中还存在许多的问题和争议,包括该制度的行权主体以及主体的行权次序、该制度与代履行竞合时如何选择、该制度中第三方修复机构责任不明。本文认为行权主体包括行政机关、检察机关、社会组织,当该制度与代履行竞合时适用调整方法最优论更为合适,第三方机构在二次损害时责任的认定可以以侵权人承担为主、过错判断为辅。

The Civil Code innovatively stipulates the alternative restoration system in the field of ecological environment,which is a major manifestation of the transformation of private law into public law.However,the legal provisions on this system are relatively simple,and there are still many problems and controversies in the practice of this system.It includes the subject of exercising the right of the system and the order of exercising the right of the subject,how to choose when the system competes with the agent performance,and the responsibility of the third party restoration agency in the system is unclear.The paper concludes that the subject of exercising the right includes administrative organs,procuratorial organs and social organizations,and it is more appropriate to apply the theory of optimal adjustment method when the system competes with the agent performance.The third party's liability in the case of secondary damage can be determined mainly by the infringer's responsibility and supplemented by fault judgment.