清代建宁府茶叶季节性生产与社会问题治理

Seasonal Tea Production and Management of Social Problems in Jianning Province in Qing Dynasty

清代中后期,福建武夷红茶名著全球,建宁府所辖建阳、崇安、瓯宁等县茶叶种植面积不断扩大,加大了对外省劳动力的需求。茶叶季节性采摘、制作、运销过程中需要大量劳工参与,建宁府外来茶农除满足劳动力需求外,也给本地区带来一些社会问题,如“茶贼”“茶盗”“茶赌”等。因此,官民联合为肃清地方不良习气尝试了多种办法。如建阳村民自发组织“会茶”来进行自我防卫。地方官对于租种茶山有上述行为的外地人,劝导无效后直接发回原籍;对于雇佣的棚民,则对他们进行编户管理;外来租户犯事的,本地出租山林者连坐;保护商旅,严厉打击悍匪,设师船去保护商业交易等。其中,由地方官孔荃溪提出的“联甲法”亦对茶山的治理提供了有益借鉴。

In the middle and late Qing Dynasty,the world-renowned Fujian Wuyi black tea,along with the continuous expansion of tea planting areas in counties such as Jianyang,Chong'an,Ouning under the jurisdiction of Jianning Prefecture,increased the demand for labor from other provinces.Tea seasonal picking,production,transportation and marketing process require the participation of a large number of laborers.In addition to meeting the labor needs,foreign tea farmers in Jianning Province also bring some social problems to the region,such as"tea thieves"and"tea gambling".Therefore,the government civilian alliance has tried various methods to eliminate local bad habits.For example,Jianyang villagers spontaneously organize a"Hui Cha"to defend themselves.Local officials who engage in the above-mentioned behavior in renting tea mountains would be directly sent back to their original place after ineffective persuasion.For the hired shantytown residents,household management would be carried out for them.Local renters of the mountains and forests who commit crimes by foreign tenants would be sitting together.Protecting business travel,,cracking down on bandits,setting up the division of the ship to protect commercial transactions.Among them,the"Lianjia Law"proposed by the local official Kong Tsuen-xi also provided a useful reference for the governance of the tea mountains.