云南香格里拉不同海拔葡萄果皮酚类物质差异及成因分析

Differences and Genesis of Grape Phenolic Compounds Among Different Altitudes in Yunnan Shangri-la

【目的】酚类物质是酿酒葡萄的重要次级代谢产物,对葡萄和葡萄酒的品质有重要影响。结合土壤及气候因子研究不同海拔葡萄果皮酚类物质含量的差异及成因,为高海拔酿酒葡萄种植及葡萄品质差异化管理提供理论依据。【方法】本研究以云南香格里拉产区酿酒葡萄‘梅尔诺’(Merlot)为试材,连续3年(2020、2021、2022年)分析2个海拔(2181、2300 m)成熟期葡萄果皮总酚、总类黄酮、总单宁、总花色苷、单体花色苷及非单体花色苷酚类物质含量差异,同时监测葡萄生长发育期间不同海拔的光照、温度、湿度等气候因子,进而分析气候因子对葡萄果皮酚类物质的影响。【结果】两个海拔葡萄园土壤主要矿质养分无显著差异,光照、紫外线强度、温湿度等气候因子存在一定差异。海拔对葡萄果皮酚类物质含量具有显著影响,较高海拔有利于葡萄果皮酚类物质的积累。在2020—2022年,海拔(2300 m)葡萄果皮总酚、总单宁、总花色苷、大部分单体花色苷以及槲皮素物质含量显著高于海拔2181 m,其中总单宁含量提高幅度为56.27%—174.49%;而海拔2181 m处葡萄果皮的总类黄酮含量显著高于海拔2300 m,提高32.25%—79.48%。OPLS-DA分析显示,两个海拔葡萄果皮酚类物质的主要差异化合物为总单宁(TTC)、总类黄酮(TFo)、二甲花翠素-3-O-葡萄糖苷(Mv)、二甲花翠素-3-O-(6-O-乙酰化)葡萄糖苷(Mv-Ace)、花青素-3-O-葡萄糖苷(Cy)以及甲基花青素-3-O-葡萄糖苷(Pn)。灰色关联分析显示,葡萄生长季昼夜温差对葡萄果皮总酚和总类黄酮含量影响较大;光照强度和紫外线强度对果皮总花色苷、单体花色苷和槲皮素含量影响较大;3种单体花色苷(Pt、Pn-Ace和Pn-Cou)和槲皮素含量主要受葡萄转色期(7月)光照强度的影响。【结论】不同海拔昼夜温差、光照强度和紫外线强度是引起葡萄果皮酚类物质含量显著差异的主要气候因素。高海拔下较大的昼夜温差、光照强度和紫外线强度有利于葡萄果皮总酚、槲皮素、总花色苷及其单体物质的积累。

【Objective】Phenolic compounds are important secondary metabolites of wine grape,which have an important influence on the quality of grape and wine.In this study,the differences and genesis of phenolic substances in grape skins among different altitudes were studied combined with soil and climate factors,so as to provide a theoretical basis for the planting management of wine grapes at high altitudes region.【Method】In the present research,Merlot wine grape was used as the test material.For three consecutive years(2020,2021 and 2022),the differences of total phenols,flavonoids,tannins,total anthocyanins,the content of individual and non-individual anthocyanin components in grape skins at two altitudes(2181,2300 m)at maturity stage were analyzed.Meanwhile,climate factors such as light,temperature and humidity at different altitudes were monitored during grape development,and the influences of climatic factors on phenolic substances of grape skins were analyzed.【Result】There were no significant differences in the main mineral nutrients of the soils of the two altitude vineyards,and some differences in climatic factors,such as light,UV intensity,temperature and humidity.Altitude had a significant effect on the content of phenolic substances in grape skins.In the years of 2020-2022,the higher altitude was conducive to the accumulation of phenolic substances in grape skins.the content of total phenols,total tannin,total anthocyanins,most of the individual anthocyanins and the quercetin in berry skins were higher at the altitude of 2300 m;compared with that at 2181 m,the content of total tannin in grape skins at 2300 m increased by 56.27%-174.49%.The flavonoid content at 2181 m altitude were significantly higher than that at 2300 m,with an increase of 32.25%to 79.48%.OPLS-DA analysis showed that,the main different compounds of phenolic compounds between the two altitudes were total tannin(TTC),total flavonoids(TFo),malvidin-3-glucoside(Mv),malvidin-3-acetly-glucoside(Mv-Ace),cyanidin-3-glucoside(Cy),and peonidin-3-glucoside(Pn).Grey correlation analysis showed that day-night temperature difference in grape growing season had a great effect on the content of total phenols and total flavonoids in grape skins.The content of total anthocyanins,individual anthocyanins and quercetin in skins were significantly affected by light and ultraviolet intensity.The content of three anthocyanins(Pt,Pn-Ace and Pn-Cou)and quercetin were mainly affected by the light intensity during grape veraison(July).【Conclusion】The climatic conditions of different altitudes,especially day-night temperature difference,light and ultraviolet intensity were the main factors causing the differences of phenolic content.The larger day-night temperature difference,stronger light and ultraviolet intensity at higher altitude were conducive to the accumulation of phenolic substances in grape skins.