“生命异化”还是“劳动异化”?——评对马克思异化概念的后形而上学诠释

"Life Alienation"or"Labor Alienation"?——On Post Metaphysical Interpretation of Marx's Concept of Alienation

在早期的《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中,劳动产品的异化、劳动过程的异化、类本质的异化、人与人的异化构成马克思异化劳动理论的基本内容,它们既有区别又有联系,既不能混淆也不可偏废。人的(劳动)本质的丧失,乃是异化劳动的核心和实质所在。与此不同,在其成熟时期的《德意志意识形态》和《资本论》及其手稿中,马克思虽然保留和沿用了异化概念,但它不再意味着使人不成其为人的“非人”状态,而恰恰是对现实中处于特定际遇中的具体的人的描述;它也不再是本质地揭示社会存在和历史发展的理论基础和前提,而是对社会演化和历史运动之特定结果的表层把握。现实的人不是“人”,而“人”却不是现实的,这是异化劳动理论难以摆脱的理论困境。把异化劳动分解为劳动异化和生命异化的所谓生存论式解读值得商榷。

In his early Economic and Philosophical Manuscript of 1844,the alienation of labor products,the alienation of labor process,the alienation of human Gattungswesen,and the alienation between people constitute the basic definitions of Marx's theory of alienated labor.These definitions are both different and related,and can neither be confused nor discarded.In the history of thought,Hegel proposed the alienation theory of"self-awareness"as the essence of the world spirit,while Feuerbach proposed the alienation theory of human"prior essence".The common ground of the two is that they both view alienation as the loss of a predetermined prior essence,and overcoming alienation means the reacquisition(i.e.restoration)of this prior essence.Marx regarded labor as a free and conscious activity and the essence of human beings,the loss of human(labor)essence and the reduction of people to"non-human"are therefore the core and essence of Marx's theory of alienated labor.Moreover,this theory has the function and significance of explaining paradigms.In contrast,in his mature works German Ideology and On Capital and its preparation manuscripts,Marx retained and continued to use the concept of alienation,but it no longer means a"non-human"state that renders people incapable of being human but rather a description of specific individuals in specific situations in reality.In this sense,alienated people are also a type of persons reflecting the essence of a person.Human labor,whether free or not,conscious and intentional or unconscious and spontaneous,all reflex and reflect the essence of human reality.Alienation is no longer related to the transcendental nature of human beings,and the alienation theory no longer has the role and significance of explaining paradigm.Instead,it is a historical materialism that reveals the movement law of basic socialcontradictions.Real people are not"human"but"human"is not real,which is a theoretical dilemma that the alienation labor theory is difficult to overcome.When a person is a real person,he is not human but"non-human";when a person exists as"human",he is not a"real"existence or rather lacks reality.From this perspective,the so-called"existentialist"interpretation of the decomposition of alienated labor into labor alienation and life alienation is questionable.It confuses alienation as separation,putting aside the presupposition and loss of human prior essence to discuss alienation and labor alienation.The understanding of the concepts such as labor and nature,or the understanding of the relationship between nature and labor products,as well as the various definitions of alienated labor,are all inconsistent with Marx's thought.It overlooks the rupture that occured between Marx's early theory of labor alienation and the concept of alienation in the mature period.