浙江松阳县鸟类群落结构和多样性分析

Analyses on bird community structure and diversity in Songyang County,Zhejiang Province

【目的】鸟类是地球生物多样性的重要组成部分,是反映生态环境质量的指示物种。探讨浙江松阳县鸟类群落结构和生物多样性状况,了解珍稀濒危和重点保护鸟类的种类、数量、分布、生境等现状,为当地的生物多样性保护、区域生物多样性监测与评估提供依据。【方法】将松阳县全域范围划分为17个10 km×10 km的工作网格,采用样线法对各网格进行调查,共设置24条样线,生境类型包括林地、农田和湿地3类,调查时间从2020年12月—2021年11月。通过计算物种丰富度指数、香农多样性指数、辛普森指数和均匀度指数对松阳鸟类进行多样性分析,采用双因素嵌套方差分析方法对不同季节、不同生境中鸟类生物多样性进行比较。【结果】①全年共观测到野生鸟类249种,分属18目62科。各个季节观测到的鸟类物种数量多少依次为春季>冬季>秋季>夏季,其中春季观测到的鸟类最多,达到195种;夏季最少,为89种;每个季节均观测到的鸟类有52种。各种生境观测到的鸟类数量多少依次为湿地>林地>农田,其中湿地中观测到的鸟类最多,达到140种;农田中观测到的鸟类最少,为109种;各生境均观测到的鸟类有28种。②全部鸟类中,国家重点保护动物25种,其中国家一级重点保护鸟类4种,国家二级重点保护鸟类21种;世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)物种红色名录中极危物种1种,濒危物种2种,易危物种3种,近危物种8种。③季节和生境对各个生物多样性指数(物种丰富度指数、香农多样性指数、辛普森指数和均匀度指数)的影响均为极显著(P<0.01),季节和生境的交互作用对鸟类物种丰富度影响极显著(P<0.01),对香农多样性指数、辛普森指数和均匀度指数的影响不显著。【结论】松阳丰富的鸟类多样性与当地的自然环境密切相关,春季是鸟类最多的季节;松阳的林地、湿地、农田都是鸟类的重要栖息地,各种生境中观测到的鸟类均超过百种,其中湿地范围内观测到鸟类丰富度高于林地和农田。

【Objective】Birds are an important part of earth’s biodiversity and an indicator for the quality of the ecological environment.In this study,bird community structure and biodiversity in Songyang County,Zhejiang Province were explored.Informations on species,distributions,quantities and habitat status of rare or endangered birds were analyzed in order to support local biodiversity conservation,regional biodiversity monitoring and assessments.【Method】Songyang County was divided into 17 working grids of 10 km×10 km,each containing 24 transects.There were three habitat types:woodland,farmland and wetland.The survey period was from December 2020 to November 2021.The diversity of Songyang birds was analyzed by calculating the species richness index,Shannon-Wiener diversity index,Simpson’s diversity index and Pielou’s evenness index;the nested two-way analysis of variance(ANOVA)was used to evaluate the effects of season and habitat.【Result】(1)In total,249 species of wild bird were observed throughout the period,belonging to 18 orders and 62 families.The number of species of bird observed in each season was in the order of spring(195 species)>winter(128 species)>autumn(104 species)>summer(89 species).In total,52 species appeared in all seasons.The number of bird species observed in various habitats was in the order of wetland(140 species)>woodland(125species)>farmland(109 species).In total,28 species appeared in all habitats.(2)Among all birds,there were 25 nationally protected animals including 4 first-level and 21 second-level ones.There was 1 critically endangered species,2 endangered species,3 vulnerable species and 8 near threatened species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN)red list of threatened species.(3)All bird biodiversity indices(species richness index,Shannon-Wiener diversity index,Simpson’s diversity index and Pielou’s evenness index)were affected significantly by season and habitat(P<0.01).The species richness index was significantly affected by the interaction of season and habitat,but the Shannon-Wiener diversity index,Simpson’s diversity index,and Pielou’s evenness index were not significantly affected by this interaction(P>0.05).【Conclusion】Rich bird diversity in songyang is closely related to the local natural environment and spring has the most bird species.Woodland wetland,and farmland are all important bird habitats,with>100 species observed in each.Among them,bird abundance in wetland is higher than that in woodland and farmland.