新型狂犬病疫苗的研究进展

Research Progress of Novel Rabies Vaccines

狂犬病(Rabies)是由狂犬病病毒(RABV)引起的急性、高度致死性的烈性人兽共患病。狂犬病临床以特异性恐风、恐水、咽肌痉挛和进行性瘫痪等症状为典型特征,感染后一旦出现狂犬病的典型症状,病死率近乎100%。疫苗免疫是狂犬病预防和控制的唯一有效措施,能使全球的狂犬病患病率显著降低。然而,目前的狂犬病疫苗仍存在生产工艺复杂、需多次接种才能产生保护性抗体等问题,随着科学技术的不断发展和进步,新型狂犬病疫苗的研发也成为了研究热点之一。本文在传统狂犬病疫苗的基础上,对狂犬病的活载体疫苗、核酸疫苗、病毒样颗粒疫苗、亚单位疫苗和减毒疫苗的发展现状进行了综述,同时对多种新型疫苗在狂犬病消除中的作用进行了展望。

Rabies,caused by the rabies virus(RABV),is an acute and highly fatal zoonotic disease affecting humans and animals.Clinical symptoms of rabies include characteristic features such as hydrophobia,aerophobia,muscle spasms,and progressive paralysis.Once typical rabies symptoms appear,the mortality rate is nearly 100%.Vaccination is the only effective measure for preventing and controlling rabies,significantly reducing its incidence worldwide.However,current rabies vaccines face challenges such as complex production processes and the need for multiple doses to generate protective antibodies.With continuous advancements in science and technology,the development of novel rabies vaccines has become a research hotspot.This article provides an overview of the current developments in rabies vaccines,including live vector vaccines,nucleic acid vaccines,virus-like particle vaccines,subunit vaccines,and novel attenuated vaccines,building upon traditional rabies vaccines,while also discussing the potential roles of these novel vaccines in rabies elimination.