农民为什么愿意离开村庄——农村城镇化的内在动力与村庄变迁的走向

Why Farmers are Willing to Leave the Village?--The Internal Motive Force of Rural Urbanization and the Trend of Village Transformation

当今全国各地屡屡发生的农民上楼、撤村并居现象。其原因除了城镇化政策对村庄的改造和干预外,还与农民普遍具有的离土倾向以及农民的利益算计有很大关系。离土倾向与利益算计是农民迁离村庄的内在原因和内生动力。城镇生活方式的吸引、农业经营的低效益、乡村教育资源的衰败、农村婚姻市场的挤压等因素很大程度上改变了农民对村庄前景的认知。在一定的补偿条件和利益诱惑下,农民则会选择离开村庄。乡土中国已经发生了巨变。当前农村的变迁出现了两大值得关注的走向:一是城市小区里“村庄共同体”建设问题;二是未撤并村庄的“乡土重建”问题。后者面临的挑战更多,任重而道远。

At present,the recurrent practice of“villages demolishing and farmers moving upstairs”across the country has been related closely to two main reasons:one is the acceleration of urbanization that attempts to change rural areas into cities;the other is the most villagers'wish of leaving their village for county and market town to live in.The wish of leaving village and benefits gaining are the motive powers to induce farmers into citizens.Many factors including urban lifestyle,low returns of agricultural management,rural schools demolishing,and the change of marriage viewpoint have largely weakened the confidence of farmers'life in the villages.Therefore,if there are suitable relocation benefits,the farmers will leave the village,and the result of dong so is that great changes will have been taken place in rural China.In the context of urbanization,there have appeared two notable trends in rural society:one is the village migration and its re-construction in city;the other is reconstruction and existence of rural life,which faces much more challenges and has a long way to go.