神经免疫:牙周病和阿尔茨海默病口-脑轴研究的新进展

Neuroimmune:New Insights into Oral-Brain Axis for Periodontal Disease and Alzheimer's Disease

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)是继癌症、心血管病、脑血管病之后威胁老年人健康的第四大原发病。AD的病因尚不清楚。牙周病是最常见的菌群失调引起的口腔慢性炎症性疾病,也是AD的重要危险因素。流行病学证据显示,牙周病患者AD的患病风险显著增加,但其具体机制仍未可知。慢性神经炎症与AD的病理生理学相关,全身炎症可诱发和加剧中枢神经系统免疫反应参与AD,牙周病同样可以引发机体慢性炎症。已经有研究表明,牙周病可能通过引发神经炎症参与AD发病。然而,目前仍缺乏关于牙周病通过神经免疫途径参与AD发病机制的系统评价。因此,本文总结了牙周病和AD之间已知的相互作用,并强调了对牙周病通过神经免疫和神经炎症途径参与AD发病机制的见解,以期为牙周病与AD的相关机制研究提供更多的思路。

Alzheimer's disease(AD)is the fourth most common primary disease that threatens the health of the elderly after cancer,cardiovascular disease,and cerebrovascular disease.The etiology of AD is still unclear.Periodontal disease is the most common chronic inflammatory disease of the oral cavity caused by dysbiosis and an important risk factor for AD.Epidemiologic evidence suggests that periodontal patients have a significantly increased risk of AD,but the exact mechanism remains unknown.Chronic neuroinflammation is associated with the pathophysiology of AD.Systemic inflammation can induce and exacerbate central nervous system immune responses to participate in AD.Periodontal disease can similarly trigger chronic inflammation in the body.It has been suggested that periodontal disease may be involved in AD by triggering neuroinflammation.However,a systematic evaluation of the involvement of periodontal disease in the pathogenesis of AD through neuroimmune pathways is still lacking.Therefore,this review summarizes the known interactions between periodontal disease and AD and highlights insights into the involvement of periodontal disease in the pathogenesis of AD through neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory pathways,with the expectation that it will provide additional ideas for the study of mechanisms related to periodontal disease and AD.