中古敦煌本土民俗与外来佛俗的对峙与合流——以腊八民俗为例

The Confrontation and Confluence between the Local Customs of Dunhuang in the Middle Ages and the Buddhist Customs of Other Countries:Taking the Laba Folk Customs as an Example

中古敦煌地区的民俗信仰受政治、民族、宗教影响,总体上带着浓浓的佛教意味。但细究相关文献,可窥见敦煌地区本土民俗信仰在接受佛俗仪式仪轨之时,会一定程度保留自身的本土特性。反之,佛俗与敦煌本土民俗信仰合流的途中,凡冲突之处或对峙或调和,腊八民俗便是敦煌地区传统民族民俗与外来佛俗对峙、合流的集中体现。传统腊八节以食药食、祭诸神和狩猎之习为主,两晋六朝时期受佛俗成道节影响,药食原料与制作方法均有所改变,祭祀范围也延伸为人间谱系和神仙谱系,尤其莫高窟第249和285两窟主室与藻井窟顶相连的四披图景,以强烈的视觉冲击反映了佛教徒对传统腊八民俗“猎杀”行为的对峙,这种文化的合流与对峙是中国文化整合的重要表现。

The folk-custom belief in the Dunhuang area of the Middle Ages was influenced by politics,nationality and religion,and it had a strong Buddhist meaning on the whole.However,a careful study of the relevant literature can reveal that the local folk beliefs in Dunhuang area will retain their native characteristics to a certain extent when they accept the Buddhist rituals.On the contrary,the Laba folk-custom embodies the confrontation and confluence of the traditional folk-custom and the foreign folk-custom in Dunhuang.The traditional Laba festival is mainly about eating medicine,offering sacrifices to gods and hunting.During the two Jins and six Dynasties,it was influenced by the fact that the Buddhist custom became a Taoist festival,and the raw materials of medicine and food and the methods of making them were changed.In particular,the images of the main rooms of grottoes 249 and 285 in Mogao Grottoes,which are connected to the ceiling of the algal grottoes,reflect the confrontation between the Buddhists and the traditional laba folk customs.This kind of cultural confluence and confrontation is an important manifestation of Chinese cultural integration.