非表征理论视角下中心城区纪念场所的意义重构——以广州农讲所为例

Meaning Reconstruction of Downtown Memorials from the Perspective of Non-representational Theories:A Case Study of the Peasant Movement Institute in Guangzhou

教育是纪念场所旅游的重要功能,然而,随着人们对公共休闲空间需求的增长,遗留于中心城区的纪念场所的休闲功能也日益凸显,其教育与休闲功能的关系正在发生重构。纪念场所的教育意义不是以单向和线性的方式传递,而是透过旅游场域中游客身体与场所的邂逅和互动,因而从非表征理论视角理解游客在纪念场所的空间感知、体验和实践过程具有重要意义。文章基于非表征理论,建立起“心智-身体-环境”的分析框架,以广州农民运动讲习所为例,从游客的视觉生产和视觉感知两个过程,运用自助摄影、眼动实验和访谈等方法探讨纪念场所的意义重构。研究发现,游客对农讲所休闲类景观和呈现历史场景的教育类景观有更强烈的视觉兴趣,农讲所教育功能与休闲功能的边界正在模糊化;游客心智、身体与纪念场所环境之间的相互作用正在重构农讲所的地方意义,在超越表征到回归表征过程中重塑纪念场所的教育与休闲功能的关系。因此,文章呼吁,无论是从理论层面对纪念场所旅游体验的剖析,还是从实践层面纪念对场所的地方营造,都应从超越表征的视角去理解游客的旅游体验,将教育元素融入休闲旅游的情境之中,实现纪念场所教育纪念与旅游休闲的统一。

Education is considered to be one of the most important functions of memorial tourism.Itaims to let the audience remember the important historical events happened in the past and can alsoform the society’s collective memory for intergenerational transmission.In the context of rapidurbanization,memorials built based on immovable historical heritages are retained in the downtown,becoming low-density recreation spaces among the high buildings,providing new space choices forurban residents’daily leisure and urban tourism.Most importantly,these historical heritages alsobecome places where education and leisure functions are superimposed.The relationship betweeneducation and leisure is being restructured.The existing studies mainly focus on the representativemeaning of memorials from the perspective of cultural symbols,discourses,and texts but the tourists’embodied experience is largely overlooked.The educational meaning conveyed by memorials is not“imposed”on visitors but is the result of the encounters between historical heritages and visitors.Ittherefore is necessary to pay attention to the process of tourists’travel experience in memorial sites andby doing so to examine how visitors’implicit experience and daily habitus affect the meaning ofmemorials.The article proposed a“mind-body-environment”framework to analyze the tourists’experience in the memorials.By using the epistemology and methodology of non-representationaltheories,this article attempts to explore the experience process and meaning construction process ofmemorial site from the perspective of visual experience.Specifically,by using the methods of autophotography,eye-tracking experiments,and interviews,the study takes the Peasant Movement Institutein Guangzhou as a case to explore how tourists’travel experiences devote to the meaningreconstruction of the memorial site.Results show that:(1)From the perspective of the visualproduction process and visual perception process,tourists have stronger interest and preference forleisure landscapes,especially Lingnan architecture and garden-like landscapes,than educationallandscapes;(2)The meaning of memorials is transmitted through specific words or symbols anddepends on the encounter process between human body and space;(3)The meaning reconstruction ofthe memorial site is the result of more-than-representation rather than representation.This shows that,the construction,deconstruction,and reconstruction of the meaning of the Peasant Movement Institutein Guangzhou do not depend on the cognition and experience of the memorial site or event itself totourists but is constantly and dynamically formed through the encounter between the memorial spaceand tourists’bodies.At the theoretical level,this study enriches the theoretical perspective of memorialtourism and breaks the limitations of current research on memorial tourism,which focuses on theconstruction of memorial discourse and the acceptance and identification of tourists to discourse.In theend,the article calls for,whatever from the theoretical perspective to study the tourism experience ofmemorial sites or from the practical perspective to understand the place-making of the memorial sites,the future studies should insist transcending representation to understand the tourism experience oftourists,integrating educational elements into the context of leisure tourism,thereby achieving the unityof educational commemoration and tourism leisure in memorial sites.