铝锡合金研究进展

Research Progress of Aluminum-Tin Alloy

铝锡合金因其优异的力学性能、摩擦学性能和导电导热性能而广泛应用于机械制造、航空航天以及交通运输等领域。为适应不同领域的需求衍生出多种多样的铝锡合金制备方法,其中机械合金化法可制备高强度铝锡合金,但高能球磨过程易于促进锡晶须生长,对合金材料安全性能有不利影响;铸造法工艺简单能耗较少,但易产生锡相的严重偏析;表面沉积法可制备纳米级且成分均匀的铝锡合金,但磁控溅射法和喷雾成型法均受限于基体形状,且前者设备成本较高不利于大规模生产,而电沉积法生产成本较低并且对于形状复杂的基体也能做到均匀镀覆,有望取代一些高成本制备方法,成为铝锡合金工业生产优选方案之一。另外,调控各类方法中不同的工艺参数也会对铝锡合金的形貌及性能产生不同的影响。参考近年有关铝锡合金的研究报道,综述了铝锡合金的制备方法、各种工艺参数对制备铝锡合金形貌和性能的影响以及铝锡合金在轴承材料、制氢材料和电子材料等方面的应用,同时对铝锡合金的未来研究前景作出展望。

Aluminum-tin alloys are widely used in machinery manufacturing,aerospace,transportation and other fields because of their excellent mechanical properties,tribological properties,and electrical and thermal conductivity.In order to adapt to the research in different fields,a variety of aluminum-tin alloy preparation methods have been derived.Among them,the mechanical alloying method can prepare high-strength aluminum-tin alloys;but it is easy to promote the growth of tin whiskers to adversely affect the safety performance of alloy materials during high energy ball milling process;the casting process is simple and consumes less energy,but it is easy to produce severe segregation of tin phase;the surface deposition method can prepare nano-sized and uniform aluminum-tin alloys;but the magnetron sputtering method and spray molding method are both limited by the shape of the substrate,and the high equipment cost of the former is not conducive to large-scale production;while the production cost of electrodeposition method is low,and the coating can be evenly prepared on some complex-shaped substrates.It is expected to replace some high-cost preparation methods and become one of the preferred solutions for aluminum-tin alloy industrial production.In addition,adjusting different process parameters in various methods will also have different effects on the morphology and properties of aluminum-tin alloys.By referring to research reports on aluminum-tin alloys in recent years,the preparation methods of aluminum-tin alloys,the influence of various process parameters on the preparation of morphology and properties of aluminum-tin alloys,and the applications of aluminum-tin alloys in bearing materials,hydrogen production materials and electronic materials are reviewed.At the same time,prospects for the future research of aluminum-tin alloys are put forward.